tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17792753191846851952024-03-12T18:12:53.823-07:00Coconut planting material for the Pacific regionThis website was originally an output of the Coconut Industry Development Project for the Pacific (CIDP). This project was a joint initiative of the Pacific Community, the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States. It ran from 2016 to 2018 with a budget of 3, 5 million euros. Dr. Roland Bourdeix from CIRAD (Agronomic Research for Development) launched this site. Many co-authors then joined him.Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comBlogger109125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-8686447739601723482028-09-28T05:50:00.005-07:002022-09-24T23:11:42.730-07:00Contents<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj32dREDueAONQFbJ1ENT7y6JXVJIRayX6f7zWLvUhyphenhyphenkKJUaxI4NCKF9SHA3rcAI1Cr7g7qBez8-3WBvj69MQyNwlq0ueVEyBchfsnnKa88N5SMrYy5ZoAerHG4p36baX95jXi5bV9fK3U/s1600/IMG00062.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="441" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj32dREDueAONQFbJ1ENT7y6JXVJIRayX6f7zWLvUhyphenhyphenkKJUaxI4NCKF9SHA3rcAI1Cr7g7qBez8-3WBvj69MQyNwlq0ueVEyBchfsnnKa88N5SMrYy5ZoAerHG4p36baX95jXi5bV9fK3U/s320/IMG00062.jpg" width="199" /></a></div>
Information provided in this website aims <b>to promote rejuvenation and replanting of coconut plantations in the Pacific region</b> using preferably local coconut varieties. It was launched by Dr Roland Bourdeix in the framework of the CIDP expertise on "Coconut Production and Seeds System in the Pacific Region", of which the <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/the-terms-of-references-of-expertise-on.html"><b>terms of references</b> </a>of the expertise are summarized <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/the-terms-of-references-of-expertise-on.html"><b>here</b></a>. </div><div>This website is under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/"><b>Creative commons licence CC BY-ND 4.0</b></a>. You are <b>free to duplicate all the available information</b> as long as its source is appropriately cited, as follow:</div><div><i>R. Bourdeix, K. Mapusua, N. Hussein, R. Lal, V. Kumar and J. Ollivier. 2018. Coconut planting material for the Pacific Region. https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com. </i></div><div><br />
The <a href="https://coconutmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/03/new-publication-coconut-risk-management.html" target="_blank"><b>Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual</b></a> for the Pacific Region: <br />52 contributors from 26 countries! and two meetings held in 2018 in Fiji...</div>
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<b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/high-definition-coconut-posters-to.html">Twelve high definition coconut posters </a><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/high-definition-coconut-posters-to.html">to print and pin in your office!</a></b></div>
<div><br /></div><div><b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/rewards-5-fjd-per-coconut-we-are.html">See the 24 technical recommendations from the CIDP meeting</a> <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/rewards-5-fjd-per-coconut-we-are.html">on Coconut Production and Seeds Systems in the Pacific Region</a> <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/rewards-5-fjd-per-coconut-we-are.html">held in April 2018 in Nadi, Fiji</a></b><br /></div><div>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Varieties for replanting</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/01/where-farmers-can-find-good-coconut.html"><b>Where farmers can find good coconut seednuts?</b></a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/tall-type-coconut-varieties-from.html" target="_blank">Tall-type varieties</a><br />
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/12/dwarf-and-compact-dwarf-varieties.html" target="_blank">Dwarf-type varieties</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/compact-dwarf-varieties.html" target="_blank">Compact and <i>"Super"</i> Dwarf varieties</a></div>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/hybrids.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">False and true ideas about coconut hybrids</a></b><br />
<span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/foresight-on-evolution-of-farmers.html" target="_blank">How will evolve farmers' varietal choices and coconut palm ideotypes?</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/faq/141-faq-accession-cultivar" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Variety, Cultivar, Population and Accession, what does it mean</a><span style="text-align: justify;">?</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/conserved-germplasm-catalogue" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">The world catalogue of coconut conserved germplasm</a><br />
<a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/faq/139-exsitu" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">List of germplasm conserved in <i>ex situ</i> coconut genebanks</a><br />
How to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAu2viIOT5c" target="_blank">download</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7F4XYNtFIQ&index=4&list=PLU20UprvNGnRcXmgMt3PWIMMxB00rS7Ue&t=0s" target="_blank">extract data</a> from the <a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/cgrd-version-6-0-test-version" target="_blank">Coconut Genetic Resources Database</a><br />
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<a href="https://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/cogent-recommendations.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">COGENT recommendations about planting material</a><br />
<b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYk2tWCYXzE&t" target="_blank">How some Thai farmers are becoming millionaires by producing aromatic coconut water!</a></b></div>
<span style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/thoughts-on-organization-of-varietal.html?zx=d05b1221e984b647" target="_blank">Preparation of the world first regional coconut varietal contest</a></span><br />
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Selection of mother palms and seednuts</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/understanding-coconut-reproductive.html" target="_blank">Understanding coconut reproductive biology</a></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/traditional-polynesian-methods-for.html" target="_blank">Traditional Pacific islanders methods for selecting palms and seednuts</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/breeders-methods-for-selecting-good.html" target="_blank">Recommended method for selecting good parent palms</a></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/advanced-methods-for-improving-local.html" target="_blank">Advanced methods for improving local tall-type populations</a><br />
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<b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/12/the-simplest-way-to-produce-hybrids.html" target="_blank">The simplest way to produce hybrids!</a></b></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/how-farmers-can-produce-hybrids-on.html" target="_blank">How farmers can produce Hybrid, Tall and Dwarf varieties in the same field!</a></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/the-polymotu-concept.html" target="_blank">The Polymotu concept for seednuts production</a><br />
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/10/use-of-genetic-markers-at-nursery-stage.html" target="_blank">Use of genetic markers at nursery stage to select good varieties</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/technical-nursery.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">Recommended seedbed and nursery management techniques</a><br />
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/needs-for-review-and-implementation-of.html" target="_blank">Needs for review and implementation of coconut breeding programs</a></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Planting and replanting designs</span></b></div>
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<b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/03/replanting-old-coconut-groves.html" target="_blank">Replanting old coconut groves</a></b><br />
<b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/how-to-kill-old-and-unproductive.html" target="_blank">How to deal with old and unproductive coconut palms?</a></b><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/how-many-seednuts-to-plant-one-hectare.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">How many seednuts to plant one hectare?</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/11/creation-of-new-coconut-plantation.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Preparation of land and manpower for creating a new coconut plantation</a><br />
<b style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://coconutmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/01/cace.html" target="_blank">Planting designs: classical, new and the newest!</a></b><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/04/a-new-idea-kill-less-productive-palms.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">A "new" idea: kill and replace the less productive palms!</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/11/planting-technique.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Planting techniques: traditional, classical and organic</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/farming-systems.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Farming systems and intercropping</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/01/methods-for-assessing-coconut.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Methods for assessing coconut fertilization requirements</a><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Organic management of coconut plantations</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/11/use-of-leguminous-plant-cover-to-fix.html" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Use of plant cover to reduce weeding and fix nitrogen</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/legislations-and-list-of-authorised.html" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Legislations and list of authorised products</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> for organic management</span></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/organic-nursery-management.html" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Organic management of coconut nurseries</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/organic-planting-and-young-age.html" target="_blank">Organic management of young and adult coconut plantations</a></span><br />
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Coconut seed systems</span></b></div>
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As debated in the Global Strategy for conservation and use of genetic resources, it seems possible to estimate roughly the number of coconut palms planted yearly at the global level. Coconut is cultivated as a crop on 12 million hectares, totaling approximately 1.44 billion palms, based on the likely average population density of 120 palms/ha. If we assume that coconut palms are replanted on average every 50 years, we can estimate that <span style="font-size: large;">at least 28.9 million coconut palms </span>(1/50, so 2%) need to be replanted each year simply to maintain a constant cultivated area. In fact the coconut area is presently increasing. Moreover, this first estimation does not take into account that a significant percentage of existing palms are already senile (more than 50 years old) and need to be replaced as soon as possible. Thus, this first estimation will have to be refined at the Pacific regional level, and for each Pacific country involved in CIDP project.<br />
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<b style="text-align: start;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/12/new-tool-for-prospective-on-coconut.html" target="_blank">New tool for calculating the number of seednuts needed at national level</a> </b></div>
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<b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/about-crucial-importance-of-building.html" target="_blank">About the crucial importance of building databases of coconut farmers</a></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/12/experts-view-on-incentives-for-boosting.html">Expert's view on incentives for boosting coconut sector</a></b></div>
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<b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/coconut-genebanks-for-seednut-production.html" target="_blank">Coconut genebanks for seednut production</a></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Overview by countries</span></b><br />
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<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" style="text-align: justify;" /><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/03/cook-islands.html" target="_blank">Cook Islands</a></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj73f31kdAVjW0ZOueFRd_4-YDnShAmwX5s-EtUDub8utUzQf6IVyhw3SaDc6SLFxVZQjL6TbLP12B1aK8spHml8ebkzmbodo3QLZhQsILHLACwQRzSZfwlO69o8BGMir1LNSRcrJx9jM4/s1600/easia_oceania_92.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="664" data-original-width="810" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj73f31kdAVjW0ZOueFRd_4-YDnShAmwX5s-EtUDub8utUzQf6IVyhw3SaDc6SLFxVZQjL6TbLP12B1aK8spHml8ebkzmbodo3QLZhQsILHLACwQRzSZfwlO69o8BGMir1LNSRcrJx9jM4/s320/easia_oceania_92.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2019/09/federated-states-of-micronesia.html" target="_blank"><b>Federated States of Micronesia</b></a></span></div>
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><b style="text-align: start;"> <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/fiji.html" target="_blank">Fiji</a></b><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;"><b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/kiribati.html" target="_blank">Kiribati</a></b></span><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2019/09/marshall-islands.html" target="_blank"><b>Marshall Islands</b></a></span><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">Nauru</span><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/niue.html" target="_blank"><b>Niue</b></a></span><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">Palau</span><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2019/09/papua-new-guinea.html" target="_blank"><b>Papua New Guinea</b></a></span><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/samoa.html" target="_blank"><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><b style="text-align: start;">Samoa</b></a><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><b style="text-align: start;"> <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/solomon-islands.html?zx=7805baf24eeaa7f0" target="_blank">Solomon Islands</a></b><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">Timor-Leste</span><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><b style="text-align: start;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/tonga.html" target="_blank">Tonga</a></b><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2019/09/tuvalu.html" target="_blank"><b>Tuvalu</b></a></span><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/vanuatu_8.html" target="_blank"><b style="text-align: start;">Vanuatu</b></a><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Other useful information and tools</span></b></h3>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/organization-of-train-trainees-meeting.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">Organization of the "train the trainers" meeting</a><span style="text-align: left;"> in Nadi, Fiji, 17 to 20 April 2018</span><br />
<a href="https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2019/09/communication-at-48th-apcc-cocotech.html" target="_blank">Communication at the 48th APCC COCOTECH Conference in Bangkok, Thailand</a></div>
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/public-lecture-coconut-renewal-old-and.html">Public lectures: Coconut renewal: Traditional and modern stories about the tree of life</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/06/new-very-short-survey-on-risks-and.html">A very short survey on risks and incentives in coconut cropping and value chain</a><br />
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<u><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/high-definition-coconut-posters-to.html" target="_blank">Twelve High Definition coconut posters to print and pin in your office</a>!</u><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/the-oryctes-and-scapanes-pests-of.html?zx=622a1003c4316bf4" target="_blank">The Oryctes and Scapanes, pests of greatest concern</a></span><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/other-coconut-pests-and-diseases.html" target="_blank"><b>Coconut Pests & Diseases Toolkit and a new movie on diagnosis of phytoplasma diseases</b></a><br />
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<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/are-you-landscaping-resorts-or-public.html">Are you landscaping resorts or public places? </a>coconut-based ecotourism<br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/04/recommended-software-most-of-them-free.html">Recommended software (most of them free)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/manuals-and-handbooks" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">COGENT manuals and technical bulletins</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/images/publications/catalog/Annex2_pgs387-399.pdf" target="_blank">How to make good coconut pictures</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/11/use-of-small-drone-to-make-coconut.html">Use of a small drone to make coconut videos and pictures</a><br />
<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/04/aluminium-tags-for-parent-palms-and.html" target="_blank">Aluminium tags for parent palms and coconut harvest hooks as incentives</a></div>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-56676749834357712612019-09-15T19:24:00.001-07:002020-01-10T03:13:36.464-08:00Communication at the 48th APCC COCOTECH Conference in Bangkok, Thailand<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj7st48226ODjccBCV6yQ88P__50qp-64JNSlOfmS1bvtT9j6HPVsFH3B81_bVbqfaqOFJ698AfmpvkTXLN8nTh6cKfLTRhyxVcZTOSTYmzNJm39tEJgoMyRnASjJ-9t-ZbQl4tQBo0K8/s1600/40455483_1871517746249329_8391209809583538176_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="1500" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj7st48226ODjccBCV6yQ88P__50qp-64JNSlOfmS1bvtT9j6HPVsFH3B81_bVbqfaqOFJ698AfmpvkTXLN8nTh6cKfLTRhyxVcZTOSTYmzNJm39tEJgoMyRnASjJ-9t-ZbQl4tQBo0K8/s400/40455483_1871517746249329_8391209809583538176_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The 48th APCC COCOTECH Conference and Exhibition was held on 20–24 August 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPObvLHJPzyEiRqdNGOYHRbYHx_igi-_r8RSB9YG_hOj-hLN4hunQ934ecrWEYZVDKJaReqcaUEkY2bbVN59gCJ_Db8tkjKMrD7WDwxLX3ZPwOIcIKxcrFypLhFoiyEfrjG3aXpS-LsuY/s1600/48thcocotech.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="866" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPObvLHJPzyEiRqdNGOYHRbYHx_igi-_r8RSB9YG_hOj-hLN4hunQ934ecrWEYZVDKJaReqcaUEkY2bbVN59gCJ_Db8tkjKMrD7WDwxLX3ZPwOIcIKxcrFypLhFoiyEfrjG3aXpS-LsuY/s400/48thcocotech.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All participants to the meeting</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The Coconut Industry Development for the Pacific (CIPD) project supported the participation of Cook Islands, Palau, Nauru and Tuvalu at the conference. Other Pacific countries in attendance were Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Papua New Guinea, resulting in the largest ever Pacific presence at COCOTECH, reflecting the renewed commitment to supporting the development of the coconut sector in the Pacific region.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN_0Lq2a9WXJs_M2P8IOF2-mWsHKzIm9u68hX-edJRrb0oX6ge1iFXpX8lezsYNqS4m4GTgvjCvHaImxg23X7NXyVXq-RwL5-mv04MyHlpEhoey0-M7TVa8qERHhTmgyM7rSmsPqTjlkU/s1600/learning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="1551" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN_0Lq2a9WXJs_M2P8IOF2-mWsHKzIm9u68hX-edJRrb0oX6ge1iFXpX8lezsYNqS4m4GTgvjCvHaImxg23X7NXyVXq-RwL5-mv04MyHlpEhoey0-M7TVa8qERHhTmgyM7rSmsPqTjlkU/s400/learning.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Pacific delegation, with the expert</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Participation of Dr Roland Bourdeix was funded by APCC (now ICC) and he delivered the following lecture:</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Communication at the 48TH APCC
COCOTECH Conference & Exhibition,<br />
20 - 24 August 2018, The Berkeley Hotel
Pratunam, Bangkok, Thailand.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Germplasm and incentives for boosting coconut production: <br />
case studies from the Pacific region<br />
and some other countries<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">By Roland Bourdeix<sup> (1,2)</sup>,
Nat Tuivavalagi<sup> (3)</sup>, Victor Mataora<sup> (4)</sup>, Augustine B
Jerard<sup> (5)</sup>, and Naheed Hussein<sup>(6).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">(1) CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France.<br />
(2) AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier,
France. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">(3) Cooperative Research and Extension (CRE) Division,
College of Micronesia-FSM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">(4) Ministry of Agriculture, Cook Islands<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">(5) ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research
Institute, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">(6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b>Reference for citation:</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arialmt, serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bourdeix, R., Tuivavalagi, N., Mataora, V., Jerard, A.B., Hussein, N. (2018). Germplasm and incentives for boosting coconut production: case studies from the Pacific region and some other countries. Communication at the 48TH APCC COCOTECH Conference & Exhibition, 20 - 24 August 2018, The Berkeley Hotel Pratunam, Bangkok, Thailand. Retrieved from: http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2019/09/communication-at-48th-apcc-cocotech.html</span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arialmt" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Summary</span></b><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span></div>
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The Coconut Industry Development for the Pacific Project (CIDP) is a joint initiative of the Pacific Community, the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States. The aim of CIDP is to bolster the coconut sector in the region through improving the competitiveness of small producers and strengthening production and regional integration of related markets. In the framework of this project, CIRAD (French Agricultural Research for Development) was in charge of helping design improved seed production systems and conducting a risk analysis for coconut value chain in the Pacific region. During a meeting held in April 2018 in Fiji, thirty participants from sixteen countries and territories in the Pacific region participated to a brainstorming on incentives for boosting coconut production. In June 2018, CIRAD launched an online survey on the same topic by contacting more than a thousand of coconut stakeholders worldwide. This communication presents the first results of these two initiatives regarding incentives for boosting coconut production, in the Pacific region but also in comparison with countries from other regions.</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Acknowledgements</span></b><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>The authors would first like to thanks all the participants of the CIDP meeting held from 17th to 20th April 2018 in Nadi, Fiji, who participated to the brainstorming on incentives, namely: Teava Iro , Victor Mataora (Cook Islands); David Dore, Stephen Hazelman, Naheed Hussein, Isikeli Karikaritu, Lavinia Kaumatotoya, Peter Kjaer, Vijendra Kumar, Moana Masau, Roneel Prasad, Osea Rasea, Soane Remudu (Fiji); Jerome Lecerf (French Polynesia); Nacanieli Tuivavalagi (FSM); Philippe Visintainer (Hawaii); Ieete Timea (Kiribati); Bern Dowouw (Nauru); James Poihega (Niue); Omeliakl Smus (Palau); James Maora (PNG); Karness Kusto, Stephen Lepton (RMI); Robert Tautua (Samoa); Roy Vaketo, Franklyn Wasi (Solomon); Tevita Fonokalafi, Viliami Kato (Tonga); Uatea Vave (Tuvalu); Baroroa Italio and Tiata Sileye (Vanuatu). Some researchers also provides useful advices for launching the online survey, namely: Luc Baudouin, Claire Billot, Xavier Bonneau, Selim Louafi, Jean Pierre Labouisse, Jean Ollivier, (CIRAD), Vincent Johnson (Bioversity International), and Jessie Lin (University of Gottingen). The 49 coconut stakeholders who replied the online survey should also be acknowledged. It is expected than some of these, together with some other people cited up, will participate as contributors in the coming publication “Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region”. </i></div>
<div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Introduction</h2>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The project “Coconut
Industry Development for the Pacific Project” (CIDP) is a joint initiative of
the Pacific Community, the European Union and the African, Caribbean and
Pacific Group of States. The aim of CIDP is to bolster the coconut sector in
the region through improving the competitiveness of small producers and strengthening
production and regional integration of related markets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In the
framework of this project, the CIRAD (French Agricultural Research for
Development) has been in charge of helping in designing improved seed
production systems and conducting a risk analysis for coconut value chain in
the Pacific region. The CIRAD contribution included the implementation a
regional “train the trainer’s workshop” covering all relevant aspects of
coconut Production and Seeds System in the Pacific Region<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Thirty
participants from sixteen countries and territories in the Pacific region
participated to this workshop held from 17th to 20th April 2018 in Nadi, Fiji<a href="file:///D:/roland2017/Cocotier%20Juin%202019/Texte/RAPPORT/MISSION/2018_Missions/2018%20APCC%20Thailand/APCC%20COCOTECH%20meeting/temp.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
During this meeting, two additional initiatives were developed:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">- A brainstorming session was devoted to incentives
for boosting coconut sector<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">- All participants agreed on a list of 24
regional technical recommendations on coconut cultivation and planting material
(Bourdeix et al., 2018a).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In July
2018, in the framework of the risk analysis study, CIRAD also launched an online
survey dedicated to both incentives and risks in coconut value chain. This
paper summarizes the results of these three interactions, focusing on
incentives for boosting coconut sector and seed production systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext;">Material and methods<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Together
with the field’s visits conducted in five Pacific countries, the meeting also
allowed to collect and exchange useful information about seed production
systems and related incentives in the Pacific region. Part of this information
in presented hereunder in the case studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Brainstorming
on Incentives conducted during the Nadi meeting<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A three
hours section was devoted to this brainstorming. Participants divided into
three approximately equal groups. Each group was asked to exchange for 90
minutes about the situation in participant’ country and to imagine systems and
incentives that could improve the coconut sector. Then, during 90 more minutes,
the three groups presented their results, with the help of three facilitators;
two acting orally, the other writing the ideas directly in a Word document
projected in the room.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Launching
a short online survey on incentives and risks in coconut value chain<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The draft
online survey was sent for advices to about ten researchers from CIRAD,
Bioversity International, SPC and other institutions. We analysed their replies
and took into accounts most of their comments. Many colleagues were in favour
of extending the questionnaire, but we did not choose this option. It seemed
preferable to propose a very short questionnaire, and then eventually ask for
more information and more participation from those who provided significant
answers. The survey finally contains only five questions, available in English,
French and Spanish languages:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In your opinion, what are the main
risks or constraints in coconut cropping and value-chain? Please cite 3 and
classify them by priority order<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In your opinion, what could be the
most efficient incentives to boost coconut sector? These incentives can be
designed for farmers or for any other stakeholders of the coconut value chain.
Please cite three and classify them by priority order.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In which country are you living?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Are you: a farmer, a tropical
gardener or landscaper, a local coconut reseller, an agricultural officer, a
researcher, a policy maker, a coconut consumer, a craftsman processing
coconuts, from a small company selling coconut product, from a large one, from
a company selling coconut processing equipment, or other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Your email (optional). It will allow
our team to contact you and you will receive the result of this survey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The survey
presentation and links were included as </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/06/new-very-short-survey-on-risks-and.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">a new publication</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> in the website “</span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">”. We proposed to way of reply,
directly </span><a href="https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/single/::JW6xS9vp"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">online via
Kobotoolbox</span></a><a href="file:///D:/roland2017/Cocotier%20Juin%202019/Texte/RAPPORT/MISSION/2018_Missions/2018%20APCC%20Thailand/APCC%20COCOTECH%20meeting/temp.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">[2]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></u></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, or by filling a </span><a href="https://www.amazon.fr/clouddrive/share/3XtXIgVtItVdwF1AkD9rkxijAhDYDlGSVoENO6n9UMp"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Word version of the
questionnaire</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> and
send it back to a dedicated Email address.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We first
constituted lists of emails from the expert’s list of contact, from the APCC
Directory of Coconut Traders and Equipment Manufacturers and from the COGENT
network. From these sources, we created a diffusion list containing about 2400
Emails<a href="file:///D:/roland2017/Cocotier%20Juin%202019/Texte/RAPPORT/MISSION/2018_Missions/2018%20APCC%20Thailand/APCC%20COCOTECH%20meeting/temp.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A first
message asking stakeholders to reply the survey was sent both via this
diffusion list and on the coconut google group on June 20th 2018. Advertisement
about the survey was done on LinkedIn (free, using dedicated groups) and
Facebook (audience targeted on agriculture and coconut palm in 20
English-speaking countries, from 16 to 20 July). The same information was sent
via the Email diffusion list on July 16<sup>th</sup> 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As some
colleagues told us they were unable to visit the website, the message was sent
again to the coconut google group on July 31<sup>st</sup> 2018, with a word
version of the questionnaire as attached file. Some of the respondents could
become associated authors of some relevant section of the coming risk analysis
manual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext;">Results<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We conducted a balance of incentives and seed
production systems in 15 countries and territories of the Pacific region, plus 2
other countries as comparison, as of April 2018. Here are summarized these 17
country case studies, of which two outside the Pacific region (India and
Thailand), and 15 inside (Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Fiji,
French Polynesia, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Papua New Guinea,
Palau, Samoa, Solomon Island, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu). Then we present the
results of the brainstorming conducted during the CIDP Nadi meeting and the
online survey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Case studies in the Pacific
region<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Cook Islands<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #01011f;">In 2018, a limited
amount of Tall-type seedlings was provided free to farmers, who do not receive
any incentive for replanting. There is no follow up of the planted coconut
palms. Following fields visit, the expert made the proposal to give to farmers
1 NZD for each coconut palm planted, and 1 or 2 NZD more if the coconut survive
after one year. Local agricultural officers were in opinion that these
incentives would be not very useful, as this small amount will not be
sufficient to influence farmer’s decisions. Nevertheless, this kind of
incentive could be useful in schools, for local programs dealing with students
and relayed by teachers. A new idea came out. We made demonstration of the
coconut harvest hook/sickle that allows to cut the entire bunch by sectioning
the peduncle, and harvest twice more rapidly than the existing system. Such
hook is not for sale in the Cook. Many people in Atiu and Rarotonga islands showed
interest in this hook and asked to keep it. Therefore, the new idea is to
launch a communication action advising: plant 20 coconut palms and receive a special
coconut hook/sickle that allow harvesting the coconut very rapidly. This will
have the double advantage to provide an incentive for replanting and to diffuse
a more efficient harvest method.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Federated
States of Micronesia (FSM), Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau and Tuvalu.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to the participants of the CIDP Nadi
meeting, no seednuts are released to farmers by any institution, no incentive
is provided from government for replanting. In Marshall Islands, some private
company is releasing incentives for coconut farmers (no more information
available). In Nauru in 2014, farmers received 500 seedlings. In FSM, the
government provided incentives in the1980’s, but no more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fiji<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Up to August 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture
provided free seed nuts and/or seedlings to farmers, with no incentive for
replanting, and <span style="background: white; color: #01011f;">no follow up of
the planted coconut palms. The seed nuts provided were Fiji Tall and Rotuman
Tall, the hybrid between Malayan red Dwarf and Rotuman Tall (just beginning
again, not organic), and a few Malayan–type Dwarf varieties.</span> A private
fellow is selling Rotuma Tall seed nuts for 10 FJD per unit on Facebook. In
addition, farmers benefit subsidies on mineral fertilizers, the farmer pay one
third and the government two third.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #01011f;">A Coconut Development
Program conducted in Vanua Levu Island in 2014-2015. Observations conducted by
the first author of this paper (Bourdeix, 2018b) indicated that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 4.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The only data available (or
accessible) was lists of farmers by district, containing only the farmer’s
names and a number of released seed nuts. We were lucky to find again one
of the officer in charge of the program, who remembered where a few of
these farmers were located.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 4.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We tried to visit six farmers
and we succeed to meet three. For these few farmers, no more than 40% of
the released seed nuts were planted and remains as living palms in the
field.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 4.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">All these farmers were located
inland, cultivate sugarcane and plant coconut palms only around their
sugarcane fields. None of these farmers releases coconut to the industry
(auto consumption). We had confirmation that, in 2014-2015, seed nuts were
delivered only to these sugarcane farmers’. Therefore, it could be
presumed that the development plan conducted during the years 2014-15 in
Vanua Levu seems to have no effect on coconut industry but assisted in
self-consumption.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01011f; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A nursery managed by the company Copra Millers of Fiji Ltd was also
visited in 2018. It was learnt that the company was facing reduced supply of
coconuts for its factory due to poor yields from senile palms of the
traditional coconut areas and hence has decided to support new planting and
replanting through supply of quality seedlings to the coconut growers. The
company was releasing about 5000 seedlings per year. Officers from the Ministry’s
Extension Service select the parent palms and help in bringing the seed nuts to
the company’s nursery. The nursery had a medium management status (weeds that
could induce diseases). Some of the germinating sprouts were of yellow and
red/orange colours indicating that, very probably, some of the selected parent
palms were not Tall types but Dwarf x Tall hybrids. Such parent palms should be
avoided; true-to-type hybrids from Taveuni should also be proposed to farmers. Despite
these small technical issues, in the expert opinion, this nursery seemed
particularly interesting, because <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the
seedlings were delivered to farmers who come to the company to sell their
products</i>: in this case, coconut industry will benefit from the new
plantations. Following this analysis, the incentive program in Fiji has evolved
(see the conclusion of this paper).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">French
Polynesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #01011f;">Non-organic Dwarf x
Tall Hybrid seedlings (Brazilian Green Dwarf x Rangiroa Tall) are produced in
Raiatea Island. They are sold at about two USD per seedlings to farmers.
Cooperatives and NGOs are releasing incentives for replanting. The local
government is providing fixed price of copra and free transportation. A
four-year subsidy program is conducted with cooperatives and NGOs. The incentive
is two USD per planted palm, with partial follow up of living palms. Protection
against rats and solar drier for copra are sold at a subsidy rate. For
biological control of <i>Brontispa</i>, the agricultural services freely
provides <i>Tetracyclus</i> bees to farmers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hawaii<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No incentive for replanting, all market for planting
material is private. Coconut seedlings are sold online for USD $39.99. A
private fellow is selling special Dwarf seedlings at 100 USD per unit. In 2018,
a large USDA program is providing USD 2,323,880 to respond to the Oryctes
beetle infestations in Hawaii and Guam (Powel and Bond, 2018). No information
available on funding and incentives dedicated to planting material in this
program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kiribati<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As of 2018, Tall-types seed nuts and/or seedlings
provided free to farmers, no incentive for replanting, no follow up of the
planted coconut palms. Very recently, an agricultural officer launched an
original kind of “cultural” incentives orientated towards young farmers in
Abaiang Island: he launched a soccer coup, the participation of which was
linked to the prior plantation of a certain number of coconut palms by youths.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Papua
New Guinea<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The CCRI (Cocoa & Coconut Research Institute) is
producing non-organic Dwarf x Tall hybrid seed nuts from its seed gardens. Tall-types
seednuts are bought one Kina from farmers. CCRI raises both hybrids and Talls in
the nursery and provide free seedlings to farmers. There is no systematic follow
up after planting. Cooperative societies and schools provides some incentives
on equipment for planting (Knife, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Samoa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tall-type seed nuts bought by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) at 0.5 WST per seed nut. Once germinated, seedlings
are then re-sold to farmers for 0.2 WST per piece. Other seed nuts (Dwarfs,
seed nuts harvested from hybrids sold as hybrids) are provided by Nuu Research Station
from limited number of parent palms. Activities proposed by CIDP aims to
diversify the planting material and to increase the quality and quantity of
available seed nuts. The Stimulus Package program, that will end in 2018,
consisted in: the farmers who own at least 2 acres pay 100 WST and then receive
planting material (coconut, cocoa and fruit trees), plus technical advices from
officers of the Ministry of Agriculture. It seems that another option of the
stimulus package was also applied in 2016: fifty-three farmers received a first
bonus of up to WST 1,000 after registering in the incentive with the balance of
WST 3,000 to be paid out in the next three years depending on their
performances and compliance with the requirements (Tuiletufuga, 2016).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Solomon
Islands<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From the 2000’s, the Ministry of Agriculture is no
longer directly releasing seed nuts of seedlings to farmers. From 2004, the
company KoKonut Pacific Solomon Island (KPSI) constituted farmer’s groups for
use of the Direct Micro Expelling (DME) technology for production of virgin
coconut oil. This company now works collaboratively with over 600 certified
organic farms in the Solomon Islands, with almost 40 village-based DME®
processors installed on height provinces (Malaita, Makira, Central Islands,
Isabel, Western, Guadalcanal, Temotu and Choiseul). In October 2016, KPSI
started to implement a 200-hectare coconut-replanting program funded by the
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. The fund provides incentives and cash
money for those doing replanting. At the nursery stage: SBD 4 per sown coconut;
after field planting - SBD 5 per seedlings planted. Follow up of young
plantation was conducted during annual organic certification. Providing
planting material to suppliers strongly increase the probability that their
production will benefit the coconut industry. The company selected twenty DME
sites. Each selected DME had to designate 10 farmers, each of them replanting
one hectare (200 coconut in nursery and 160 seedlings to be planted in the
field). Farmers select the seed nuts in their own farm on criteria that are not
well established, mainly healthy palms with large fruits. It seems that some of
them simply take the forgotten germinated coconut in their fields.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tonga<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to the participants of the CIDP Nadi
meeting, there is financial incentive for replanting in Tonga. Ministry is
collecting the seed nuts from government properties or buying from private
farmers (0.45 FJD); raise seedlings and provide them free to farmers. Officers
are going to the fields for plantation but further no follow up. Expert visit
to Tonga was cancelled due to cyclonic conditions. It seems that another expert
made recommendations about improving the coconut seed system in Tonga, but
Tongan participants were unable to provide further information during the
meeting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vanuatu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Vanuatu Agricultural Research and Technical Centre
(VARTC) is producing non-organic seed nuts of improved Vanuatu Tall (VTT) in
Santo Island. The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD)
release these seed nuts free to farmers by. Partial follow up of the planted
coconut palms by local officers. The three activities initially proposed under
CIDP aims to diversify the planting material, to amplify the impact of the
present governmental scheme, and to decentralize seed production. It planned to
establish a first list of potential farmers from who neighbouring farmers will
be able to source Improved VTT in other islands. Some large estates could serve
as nucleus farms to boost the planting material dissemination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Case studies from other
countries<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Coconut Development Board (have developed scheme
of incentives, including production and distribution of planting material,
expansion of area under coconut, integrated farming for productivity
improvement, and coconut producing units. CDB have established seven Demonstration
cum Seed Production (DSP) Farms in different parts of the country (total 240 ha)
with the aim to produce quality seed nuts (CDB, 2018). Coconut nurseries from
these farms produce quality seedlings of desired cultivars/varieties, suitable
for each locality, and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">distribute them to farmers at reasonable price</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A financial assistance is provided to registered/
private/ approved coconut nurseries. This assistance is limited to 25% of the
cost of production or Rs.2 lakhs whichever is less. The minimum financial
assistance of Rs.50000 is allocated for producing 6250 seedlings annually from
25 cents and maximum financial assistance of Rs.2 lakhs for producing 25000
seedlings from one acre. The maximum financial assistance for setting up of
regional coconut nursery in non-traditional areas is 50% of cost of production.
Maximum financial assistance is limited to Rs.6 lakhs to establish seed garden
phased over a period of 3 years @ Rs.3 lakhs during the 1st year and Rs.1.50
lakhs each in second and third year respectively. The quantum of financial
assistance is based on the total area of seed garden (maximum 4 ha) or limited
to 25% of the cost of establishment of nuclear seed garden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CDB provides incentive assistance to small and
marginal farmers for undertaking new planting of coconut and its further
maintenance. The new planting assistance is given at the rate of Rs. 8,000 per
hectare, which is disbursed in two equal annual instalments. Financial
assistance of Rs.35,000 per ha in two annual instalments is provided for
adoption of integrated management practices in disease affected gardens. To
promote the use of organic manure like vermicompost, coir pith compost,
ordinary compost and FYM in coconut holdings, CDB provides a financial
assistance of Rs.20000 per unit or 50% of cost of production for setting up of
a unit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The incentives provided to farmers are as follows:
half of the cost of land preparation, cutting and removal of senile palms
(Rs.500 per palm); a quarter of the cost of rejuvenation (Rs.15000 per hectare
over a period of 2 years); and half of the cost of replanting (Rs.20 per
seedling).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Indian private coconut seed market is flourishing.
In 2018, farmers have to pay and wait for eight months to get hybrids seedlings
produced by private farms and sold at Rs.450 (6.45 USD). A private company from
Solomon Islands recently bought Dwarf x Tall hybrid seedlings cultivated <i>in
vitro</i> from India at the price of 10 USD per unit (Rev. Vernon Smith, 2018, personal
communication).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Large chunk of money has been provided by Government agencies
in India in the form of subsidy to farmers for installing micro irrigation
methods including drip irrigation and coconut basin management<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Indian government recently launched a subsidy
scheme for coconut producing units. The financial assistance is limited to 25%
of the project cost but not exceeding Rupees 50 Lakh for infrastructure
development, establishment or modernization and up gradation of coconut based
processing units under the scheme. The promoter has to avail at least 40% of
the project cost as term loan from a bank or financial institutions of his
choice. Refinement of traditional processing methods including quality
certification, micro-filtering, branding could be considered as value addition
in the case of coconut oil and virgin coconut oil and considered for assistance
under the scheme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">About 50 to 60 years ago, Thai growers identified a
variety of coconut for water consumption that carries special fragrance. In
2010, the Thai Government consolidated the ‘Aromatic Coconut’ industry as a new
agricultural industry and separated it from the ‘mainstream’ coconut industry (Krisanapook,
2015). Thai Government organization also setup new strategies and approved a
new budget of 118 million baht (US$4 million). The new strategies support the
‘Aromatic Coconut’ industry in four structural changes: 1) plans to increase
production; 2) product development and diversity; 3) organization support; and
4) market development. The new strategies also setup new legislation that
‘Aromatic Coconut’ propagation and plantation must be kept inside the country,
banning seed nuts exportation. However, ‘Aromatic Coconut’ is presently grown in
many countries. Seed nuts of Aromatic Green Dwarf are sold online (eBay) from
Thailand for US $40 each, although the government normally ban it. Fields visit
conducted in 2018 by R. Bourdeix in the Ratchaburi region indicated that some
local farmers are selling important lots of seed nuts to Thai resellers who
export them to neighbouring countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 2010, there was a big invasion of coconut Hispine
Beetle (<i>Brontispa longissima</i> Gestro) in the coconut growing area in the
southern region of Thailand. This later spread to other regions, including some
areas in the main growing area of ‘Aromatic Coconuts’. The beetle destroyed about
40,000 hectares of coconut plantations in 19 provinces. In 2012, coconut
black-headed caterpillar (<i>Opisina arenosella</i>) also destroyed many palms.
Although many Thai growers still apply chemicals in combating coconut pests and
insects, few growers avoid chemicals and develop bio-control methods in their
coconut plantations. Government support organizations used to provide parasite
insects to the coconut growers. Over the years, the demand has increased
significantly. Now government organizations setup training and help growers
raise their parasitic insects by themselves. Few growers develop it further and
raise these insects to other growers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In 2018,
price paid to farmers was 6-8 Bath per coconut (0.15 to 0.21 Euros) during the
best season and up to 15 Bath (0.39 Euros) during the low production season. We
do not have yet the information wither organic coconut are paid better than
others. The coconuts contain 320 ml of water in average, but it can fall to 240
ml if appropriate fertilizers are not applied. Price paid to farmers is about
0.7 Euros per litre, when retailers are selling the aromatic coconut water at more
than 10 Euros per litre on USA market. In Bangkok, price of a tender coconut is
40 Bath in 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Most of
coconut plantations produce 140 to 250 green nuts per palm per year. Some local
stakeholders indicated a return of about 1000 Euros per hectare. When
calculating with 200 fruits per palm, 200 palms per hectare, and 0.21 Euros per
fruit, the gross income is up to 8400 Euros per hectare – so the return could
be much more than 1000 Euros per hectare. The price of the dedicated
agricultural land has grown up to 100,000 Euros per hectare. Many plantations
use a canal system between the coconut lines. Farmers throw the harvested nuts into
these channels that serve for transportation. They also throw organic waste
(leaves, raffles) in these channels. Farmers regularly extract the mud and
organic matter from these channels, either manually or with a machine, and
deposit it at the foot of the coconut trees to serve as fertilizer. A mixture
of rice straw and chicken droppings, at a rate of 20 to 40 kg per tree per year,
serves as additional organic fertilization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Result of the brainstorming
on incentives conducted during Nadi Meeting<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The analysis carried out during the oral presentations
of the groups and the following discussion led to define a typology of the
incentives and to allocate the suggestions of each group according to categories
presented below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cited by
the three groups:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provide organic certified free
seedlings to committed farmers, by ministries or private companies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cited by
two groups:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guaranteed prices of coconut
products<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Integrated programs including
diversification of crops, intercropping to maximize benefit and increase food
security<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Use of technology and release of
technical information and tools for increasing production, quality and
diversifying coconut products<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contests, rewards in coconut days or
other ceremony<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contract between coconut farmers and
private companies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Find a way to avoid cultural
dependency of farmers to funding: all activities should not stop when the
projects end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Help in transportation of coconut
products by public or private bodies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cited by
only one group:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provide basic tools, such as knife,
harvest hook/sickle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some incentives should be focused on
youth and new coconut farmers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Special incentives towards planting
coconut in coastal zones for disaster risk reduction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Facilitate nursery as a business -
Private seed system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subsidies, incentives for planting –
given preferably before the planting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taxes on imported edible oils and
all imported coconut products and use revenue to support local coconut industry<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assistance to exportation, including
regional trade agreements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Government and private companies to
favour sustainable production practices (Organic).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Support to micro and small
enterprises working on high-value coconut products<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Engage traditional chiefs and
leaders in the incentive programs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Result of the online
survey<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">At the date
of August 9<sup>th</sup> 2018, 49 significant replies where obtained.
Respondent are located in 26 different countries or territories: India (10
respondents), Australia and Indonesia (4 in each), Malaysia (3), French
Polynesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Tanzania, Tonga, Vanuatu (2 in each);
plus one reply for each of the following countries: Brazil, Benin, Côte
d'Ivoire, Fiji, Hawaii, Kenya, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Samoa, Seychelles,
Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK and Vietnam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Respondents
were mainly researchers (19), farmers (12), policy makers (6), from another
category than the listed ones listed or did not reply (5), for a small company
involved in coconut sector (4). Three more were local coconut reseller, from a
large company and coconut consumer only. We did not take into account multiples
replies (for instance both researcher, farmer and consumer) and we focused only
on the first one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We defined
a typology by using a two steps process. A first typology was drafted by going
through and evaluating all the replies. Second, we refined the typology during
the analysis of the individual replies. We finally obtained 11 categories.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Some of the
replies went out through the typology. For instance, for the second incentive,
the reply “Major national effort in getting the right cultivars into large
scale nurseries. Mapping out the correct land for these to be planted in” added
a value of one to both the categories “planting material’ and “Land”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We
conducted twice the repartition of suggested incentives in categories, and we
choose the average (highest entire value) of the two notations. We calculated
for each category a total (sum of the values obtained as first, second, and
third incentives) and a pondered total (first prioritized incentive counted as
3, second as two, and third as one). The categories were classified according
to the pondered total, as shown in table 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The most
favoured incentives were those related to planting material (both in total and
pondered total); then “Securing farmer’s income”; “Land and landscape for
coconut cultivation”; “National policies”, and “Diversification for higher
value of coconut product”. Table 2 provides narrative descriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Table 1.</b></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Categorization and prioritization of suggested incentives from the online CIDP
survey</b></b></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.32%;" valign="top" width="60%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Categories<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.66%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Priority<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Pon-<br />
dered<br />
Total<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Good planting material for farmers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">31</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">76</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Securing farmer’s income<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">19</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">44</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Land and landscape for coconut cultivation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">19</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">43</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">National policies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">23</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">39</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Diversification for higher value of coconut product<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">21</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">39</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Professionalizing coconut producers and their organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">12</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">25</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Good cultivation practices<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">14</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">24</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Pest and diseases<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">8</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">18</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Processing from farm to consumers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">9</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">17</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">International policies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">9</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">14</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Reducing cost of product transportation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(LEFT) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">2</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.84%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.48%;" valign="top" width="54%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(ABOVE) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">58</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(ABOVE) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">59</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.88%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(ABOVE) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">50</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.84%;" valign="top" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(ABOVE) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">167</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=SUM(ABOVE) <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">342</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Table 2. Rationale and
narrative of the incentives typology in link with individual replies<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Categories<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Notes on
individual incentives proposals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Good planting material for farmers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Free of charge seedlings - Provide quality
planting material adapted to each region – Train farmers to harvest and
prepare themselves best planting material – Diversify the genetic base of
planting material – More nurseries - Promote hybrids – Promote local
varieties - Use molecular approach to improve breeding techniques -
Government to support public and/or private coconut breeding programmes and
gene banks – While maintaining bio security, to simplify import and export of
planting material.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Securing farmer’s income<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Stabilize the selling prices – secured local
and international market – Minimum price guaranteed even in situation of
oversupply - Insurance against low prices. Special incentives for insulated
and marginal farmers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Land and landscape for coconut cultivation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Devote more and more suitable land for coconut
cultivation - Subsidies for land preparation – Policy for identification and
reservation of most adapted land to coconut cultivation – Land distribution
to coconut farmers - Comprehensive program from leasing the land. Prioritize
and help replanting senile plantations- Segmenting the coconut communities
within each region for targeted specific products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">National policies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Increase communication between private and
public sector and organize better sharing of investments in coconut value
chain - Promote interdependence among the producers and processors -
Legislate that processors must offer shareholding in the company to farmers -
Promote cooperative farming - license approved buyers/collectors to cut down
the middle man – promote local market for value-added products, revive local
consumption - Segmenting the coconut communities within each region for
targeted specific products - Labelling coconut products – Recruit competent
agricultural and extension officers working exclusively on coconut – organize
access to financing and micro financing. Governments to recognize publicize
the value of coconut farming and the ease of cultivation after the planting
phase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Diversification for higher value of coconut
product<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Develop the use of by-products (husk and
shell) for copra producers – Develop other products than copra and oil –
Market germinated coconut as source of essential fatty acid for preventing
human diseases- Promote coconut chips that remains a untapped potential, as
snacking is a global habit amongst all age groups. Providing awareness to the
farmers on selling stem and husk for fire wood - Provide a better access of
farmers to market for high value coconut product - Training on improved
techniques in processing and marketing - Provision of processing equipment
for Small and Medium scale enterprises with start up capital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Professionalizing farmers and their
organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Help farmers increase the productivity of
their plantation. Facilitate adoption of innovative techniques - Cooperative
farming to reduce the disadvantages of small plantations – Educate the
farmers – Rehabilitation incentives for low productivity farm – Promote
existing harvesting equipment such as coconut sickle or coconut climbing
machines. Organize contests between coconut growers with big prices funded by
the government - Create demonstrations sites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Good cultivation practices<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Shift to organic cultivation - Promote
intercropping – Promote irrigation - Subsidy in fertilizers– Promote organic
fertilization - Promote the use of cover crop - Well planned bonus schemes,
from land clearing, proper spacing, intercropping, then pay farmers after a 2
to 3 year period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Pest and diseases<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Develop biological control – teach farmers to
locate and destroy Oryctes breeding sites - Molecular markers for pathogen
studies – incentives for farmers to cut diseased palms and replace them with
improved varieties – Subsidies in pesticides and insecticides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Processing from farm to consumers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Improve the processes of preparation and
storage of high value coconut products – Post harvest management - Develop
end to end cold chain for coconut water - Assist with processing equipment
for virgin coconut oil - Developing automation of coconut nectar (toddy)
extraction - Set up small/medium integrated value-added coconut product
processing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">International policies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Increase international cooperation in coconut
research – Produce training manuals - Long-term loan with technology support
to push quality products to market - Communicate with national health authorities
about healthy value of coconut product - Increase links between coconut
growers, scientists, processors, the states and the consumer market.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.02%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.18%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Reducing cost of product transportation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8%;" valign="top" width="81%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Support logistics for freight of coconut
products<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The crucial question of the planting material<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In both the
brainstorming and the online survey, incentives related to planting material
appeared as the main priority. This perfectly supports the first recommendation
agreed during the Nadi Meeting, which was:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“National Agricultural Services should allow farmers a
primary role in making their own varietal choices, and consider advising
against farmers growing only a single coconut variety (Tall, Dwarf, Hybrid, or
other). At the national level, agricultural services and other stakeholders
should provide farmers with a range of at least six different coconut
varieties, including </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/tall-type-coconut-varieties-from.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tall</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/12/dwarf-and-compact-dwarf-varieties.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dwarf</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/compact-dwarf-varieties.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Compact
Dwarf</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/hybrids.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hybrid</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, and
eventually composite varieties; and explain to farmers the specificity of each
variety regarding environmental adaptation and cultural practices. To reduce
overall risk, farmers should be encouraged to plant more than one variety.
Local stakeholders (men and women farmers, private enterprises, NGOs and CSOs)
should be encouraged to become more involved in </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/01/where-farmers-can-find-good-coconut.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">supplying
quality germplasm</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Farmers and other stakeholders </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/understanding-coconut-reproductive.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">should be
taught</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> how to </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/how-farmers-can-produce-hybrids-on.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">autonomously
produce quality seedlings</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> of hybrids and other varieties, using the </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/search?q=polymotu"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Polymotu concept</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> or any
other accepted method.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most of the participants from the Nadi meeting where
in opinion that the planting material should be released free to farmers. A few
of them, including the first author of this text, think that such an incentive
is not always efficient: at least in some cases, farmers give little importance
and take little care of seed nuts and seedlings that are delivered free of
charge. Moreover, it may jeopardize the development of a private market for
coconut seed nuts and seedlings. In some countries as for instance India,
private companies are selling hybrid seed nuts. These private companies have
many customers and make good profit. Sometimes, Indian farmers have to wait six
month to get their seed nuts because of over demand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At least part of these incentives could be conditional
on the farmer achieving tangible results, such as the survival and proper
maintenance of the new coconut palms. This requires more accurate and
time-consuming monitoring of activities by agricultural officers. This also
supports more effectively the farmers who benefit from better advices. For
instance, the farmers could pay 0.5 USD per seedling, and then could receive an
incentive of 0.5 USD per coconut palm remaining alive six month later, and
another incentive of one USD for coconut palms remaining alive and in good
condition two years later. The solution undertaken in India, where half of the
cost in taken in charge, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In case of organic cultivation, a practical solution
seems to link these assessments to the regular visit conducted for monitoring
and certifying the organic status of the farms. As officers are visiting yearly
the farms for organic certification purposes, the checking of new planting can
be conducted during these visits. This kind of organisation is already running
in the Solomon Islands by officers of the company Kokonut Pacific. Moreover, it
allows the constitution of farmer’s database that will give a real appraisal of
the efficiency of these incentives and the linked development programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">About
donation and tradition<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In traditional societies, in which most people interactions
remain presential and not virtual, it seems that purely philanthropic acts are
rare; when the gift is practiced, an intangible return is usually expected in
terms of social benefit: the gift publicly values the donor, contributes to
generating positive interactions or easing tensions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In projects of limited duration, if the seeds are
delivered free of charge, the gift must be presented as connected to its social
context and rather formulated in terms of exchange: the seeds are given, but in
exchange the farmers undertake to respect good management practices, and to
provide information and feedback. In this case, the management practices and
information return required from farmers should be clearly expressed. It may or
may not be the subject of a written and signed contract. The levels and methods
of such contracting require to be studied and optimized according to the
different cultural contexts and may engage social players such as traditional
chiefs and leaders, as recommended by the participants of our meeting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Which farmers to subsidy
in priority?<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
examples of Fiji and Solomon Islands seems to suggest this prioritization:
first, the farmers who already provides their production to the coconut
industry (be it small or large transformation units), or are marketing high-value
products by themselves. Second, the youths and new farmers. Third, farmers who
would like to shift their cultivation from sugar cane, oil palm or other tree
crops to coconut; but for these one, well conducted demonstration plots and the
guarantee of having a market will be needed for convincing them shifting to
coconut cultivation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Incentives orientated
towards multi cropping systems<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Nadi meeting recognized the </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/farming-systems.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">importance
of intercropping</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> with a diversity of species, which are already being
used by farmers, such as coffee, kava, cocoa, banana, noni, pineapple, fruit
crops and vegetables for food security. Ministry of Agriculture and others should
provide specific recommendations adapted to land capability regarding the best
species to intercrop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Incentives such as one of the “stimulus packages”
developed in Samoa seems particularly interesting: the selected farmers have to
pay 100 WST to join the program, and then receive free planting material and
advices. An interesting aspect is that this does not restrict to coconut, but
include also cocoa and other tree crops. Thus, it is not limited to one crop
species and takes into account the farm in a more integrated and holistic way (Burgess,
2017).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What could also be free is assistance for installing a
leguminous cover crop in coconut plantations. Such cover crop can fix naturally
up to 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Our feeling is that in the pacific
region, farmers are killing themselves to weed manually wild plants that are
growing and invading plantations very quickly. This weeding is extremely
gruelling and discourages many planters who abandon their coconut groves and
sometimes do not even harvest the fruits. Shared land cleaning machinery could
also be an effective incentive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regarding incentives on providing mineral
fertilization, insecticides and herbicides, some participants were in opinion
that such programmes should take into account environmental effects and
degradation of soils. Balance is needed between providing subsidies and
maintaining quality of products and environment. Biocontrol of pests and
diseases should be favoured.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The writing of this text was completed in November 2018,
so about 6 and 3 months after respectively the Nadi CIDP Meeting and the
COCOTECH conference. It seems that the momentum generated by CIDP and COCOTECH
has had a strong positive effect. In the end of August 2018, the Fijian
government launched a new and important incentive program for coconut farmers.
Under the Ministry of Public Enterprises 2018/2019 National Budget, FJ$700,000
has been allocated for coconut development to Copra Millers of Fiji Ltd, with
the target to plant 30,000 coconut seedlings in the first year. The Copra
Millers Board chairperson explained that the qualified farmers will receive FJ$10
for successfully grown coconut seedlings after the first three months and
another FJ$10 for each healthy seedling after six months (Rawailai, 2018).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This paper addressed only partially the question of
incentives for boosting coconut production. It is necessary to continue and
refine this first analyse, and try to compare the effectiveness of the
different incentives used so far. In general, there is a lack of systematic
data collection from farmers to assess the real effectiveness of these
measures. Any new incentive measure should therefore incorporate the tools that
will make it possible to evaluate its effectiveness. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In order to better
assess and to boost the coconut value chain, the Nadi meeting recommended
agricultural services create and/or strengthen national coconut farmer’s
databases and create well-documented coconut parent palm databases by using </span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/10/breeders-methods-for-selecting-good.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">the method and datasheets</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> recently developed by R. Bourdeix, V. Kumar
and V. Mataora (Bourdeix et al., 2018c). These databases should be conceived
and implemented to link with other existing farmer’s databases. They should
also integrate with Geographical Information Systems.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This first study would also need to be pursued by
analysing more dedicated national policies. Probably the most important
incentive is linked to communication with farmers. Relevant ministries should
make the relevant technical information fully available for farmers; they
should ensure that a maximum of them will be aware of this information, will
read it, will believe it and will use it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A crucial incentive is for government to subsidize
coconut research, and in particular national coconut breeding programmes that
will allow farmers to access diverse planting material. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Nadi
meeting noted that nothing could replace well-designed, regular and sustainable
</span><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/needs-for-review-and-implementation-of.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">breeding programs</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> conducted by well-trained professionals.
Expertise is needed to assess the coconut breeding programs presently existing
in the Pacific Region; to help developing local skills; to create new
programmes and to facilitate international collaboration between these
programmes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext;">References<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bourdeix,
R., Hussein N., and Dore, D. (2018a) Technical recommendations from the
CIDP meeting on Coconut Production and Seeds Systems in the Pacific Region held
from 7 to 20 April 2018 in Nadi, Fiji. In: Bourdeix, R., Labouisse, J.P.,
Mapusua, K., Ollivier, J. and Kumar, V. (2018). Coconut planting material for
the Pacific Region. Available at the URL: https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com.
Seen on 09/11/2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bourdeix,
R. (2018b). Report for Fiji in the framework of the expertise on coconut
production and seed system (SPC/CIDP/PRAG 07), CIDP (Coconut Industry
Development for the Pacific Region). Internal report, Secretariat of the South
Pacific Community, 28 p. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bourdeix,
R., Kuma, V. and Mataroa, V. (2018c) Recommended method for selecting good
parent palms and producing Tall-type coconut seednuts. In: Bourdeix, R.,
Labouisse, J.P., Mapusua, K., Ollivier, J. and Kumar, V. (2018). Coconut
planting material for the Pacific Region. Available at the
URL: https://replantcoconut.blogspot.com. Seen on 09/11/2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Burgess,
R. J. (2017). <i>The Intercropping of Smallholder Coconuts in Western
Samoa: an analysis using multi-stage linear programming</i>. Canberra, ACT:
Development Studies Centre, The Australian National University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Coconut
Development Board. (2018). Schemes of Coconut Development Board. Available at
the URL: </span><a href="http://coconutboard.nic.in/Scheme.aspx#Production"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none;">http://coconutboard.nic.in/Scheme.aspx#Production</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Seen 19th August
2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Krisanapook, K. (2015) Thailand’s
banana, coconut, mango and papaya industries: a country report. Available at the
URL :<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span><a href="http://www.fftc.agnet.org/files/lib_articles/20150731150149/1.%20Thailand.pdf"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.fftc.agnet.org/files/lib_articles/20150731150149/1.%20Thailand.pdf</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Seen on
26/10/2018.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Powell,
A., Bond, S. (2018). USDA Provides Almost $70 Million in Fiscal Year 2018 to
Protect Agriculture and Plants from Pests and Diseases through the 2014 Farm
Bill Section 10007. Available at the URL:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/news/sa_by_date/sa-2018/fy18-farm-bill-funding"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/news/sa_by_date/sa-2018/fy18-farm-bill-funding</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Seen on 26/10/2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rawalai,
L. (2018). Search for coconut seeds. The Fiji Time online. 13 august 2018.
Available at the URL: </span><a href="http://www.fijitimes.com/search-for-coconut-seeds"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none;">http://www.fijitimes.com/search-for-coconut-seeds</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Seen on 26/10/2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wijenayake,
T. (2017). Coconut crisis – can drip irrigation save the industry? DailyFT,
seen at the URL: </span><a href="http://www.ft.lk/columns/Coconut-crisis-%E2%80%93-can-drip-irrigation-save-the-industry-/4-645548%20on%2019th%20August%202018"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.ft.lk/columns/Coconut-crisis-%E2%80%93-can-drip-irrigation-save-the-industry-/4-645548
on 19th August 2018</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Seen on 26/10/2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuiletufuga, N.L. (2016). Govt.
resurrects Stimulus package. Savali Newspaper, Jun 13 2016. Available at the
URL: </span><a href="http://www.iniinisamoa.com/2016/06/13/govt-resurrects-stimulus-package"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.iniinisamoa.com/2016/06/13/govt-resurrects-stimulus-package</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Seen on
26/10/2018.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Further readings<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Abd,
R. H., Che, H. H., & Mohamad, I. (2010). Replanting and rehabilitation of
coconut under smallholders. <i>Planter</i>, <i>86</i>(1009), 243-252.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Catacutan,
D. C., & Duque-Piñon, C. (2008). The policy environment of vegetable
agroforestry in the Philippines: Are there incentives for small farmers?.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Catacutan,
D. C., Ha, D. T., Duque-Piñon, C., & Loan, L. T. (2009). The policy
environment of vegetable-agroforestry in the Philippines and Vietnam: A scoping
study. Malabalay City, Philippines: World Agroforestry Centre
(ICRAF-Philippines).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chomitz,
K. M., & Griffiths, C. (1996). Deforestation, shifting cultivation, and
tree crops in Indonesia: nationwide patterns of smallholder agriculture at the
forest frontier. <i>Poverty, Environment, and Growth. World Bank,
Washington DC.[Accessed on-line 2004.]</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Clarete,
R. L., & Roumasset, J. A. (1983). An analysis of the economic policies
affecting the Philippine coconut industry. Abd, R. H., Che, H. H., &
Mohamad, I. (2010). Replanting and rehabilitation of coconut under
smallholders. <i>Planter</i>, <i>86</i>(1009), 243-252.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">David,
C. C. (1995). <i>Economic policies and agricultural incentives: the
Philippine case</i> (No. DP 1995-15). Manila: Philippine Institute for
Development Studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Duhamel,
G. (1993). Production and dissemination of improved coconut cultivars
EEC-Pacific Regional Agricultural Program (PRAP). In <i>ACIAR PROCEEDINGS</i> (pp.
19-19). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Garcia,
J. N. M., Aguilar, E. A., Sangalang, J. B., Alcantara, A. J., Habito, R. C. F.,
Medina, C. P., & Malayang III, B. S. (2009). Valuation of ecosystem
services of coconut types: framework and methodology development. <i>Journal
of Environmental Science and Management</i>, <i>12</i>(1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Godoy,
R. A. (1992). Determinants of smallholder commercial tree cultivation. <i>World
Development</i>, <i>20</i>(5), 713-725.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karim, S., &
Harrison, S. (2016). Promoting sustainable agriculture and agroforestry to
replace unproductive land use in Fiji and Vanuatu. Australian Centre for
International Agricultural Research (ACIAR).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mustapha,
Z. H. (1983). Some Observations on Incentive Policies in Malaysian Agriculture
and Implications on Growth and Equity in the Smallholder Sector. <i>Akademika</i>, <i>23</i>(1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mwinjaka,
S., Chiduza, C., Temu, A. E., Sukume, C., & Diehl, L. (1999). Coconut palm
replacement model for Tanzanian farming systems. <i>Journal of
Agricultural Economics and Development</i>, <i>3</i>, 61-70.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Newman,
S. M. (1985). A survey of interculture practices and research in Sri
Lanka. <i>Agroforestry systems</i>, <i>3</i>(1), 25-36.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pabuayon,
I. M., Medina, S. M., Medina, C. M., Manohar, E. C., & Villegas, J. I. P.
(2008). Economic and environmental concerns in Philippine upland coconut farms:
an analysis of policy, farming systems and socio-economic issues. <i>Economy
& Environment Program for Southeast Asia, IDRC—CRDI, Singapore</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pande,
S. K., & Pandey, D. (2004). Impact of incentives on the development of
forest plantation resources in India. <i>What does it take</i>, 81-102.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pehaut,
Y. (1990). Les plantations allemandes des mers du sud avant 1914 (No. 12).
Presses Univ de Bordeaux.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Walter,
M. A. (1978). The conflict of the traditional and the traditionalised: an
analysis of Fijian land tenure. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>, <i>87</i>(2),
89-108.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/roland2017/Cocotier%20Juin%202019/Texte/RAPPORT/MISSION/2018_Missions/2018%20APCC%20Thailand/APCC%20COCOTECH%20meeting/temp.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">They gather technical officers from
the Ministries of Agriculture, members of NGOs, researchers and staff of SPC
and CIRAD, and managers of farms and private companies from the following
countries and territories: Cook Islands, Fiji, France, Federated States of
Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea,
Samoa, Solomon, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, French Polynesia and Hawaii.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/roland2017/Cocotier%20Juin%202019/Texte/RAPPORT/MISSION/2018_Missions/2018%20APCC%20Thailand/APCC%20COCOTECH%20meeting/temp.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Technical note for remembering: for
Kobotool box, results can be exported as CSV files, and transferred to Excel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/roland2017/Cocotier%20Juin%202019/Texte/RAPPORT/MISSION/2018_Missions/2018%20APCC%20Thailand/APCC%20COCOTECH%20meeting/temp.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Technical note for remembering.
Internal link to the diffusion list : </span><a href="http://sympa.cirad.fr/sympa/info/prag08"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">http://sympa.cirad.fr/sympa/info/prag08</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-64627831723796750022019-09-04T22:39:00.001-07:002022-03-01T12:33:19.375-08:00The "Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Note: numbers of countries and contributors have changed slightly, but the principles remain the same...</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
As for the <a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/about-cogent/strategy" target="_blank"><b>COGENT Global Strategy</b></a>, the making off of this manual was based on a special participative approach to involve stakeholders. When feasible, each section have been authored by 3 to 5 contributors coming from different organizations, different sectors of the value chain, different countries or even different continents. A first basic text was sometimes provided to contributors who strongly improved it. Many contributors wrote all the text by themselves. In any case, they always all endorsed the final version before publication. Thus, the manual gathers 53 contributors from 27 countries and territories, as follow:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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Australia<o:p></o:p></div>
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10<o:p></o:p></div>
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Germany<o:p></o:p></div>
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19<o:p></o:p></div>
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Papua New Guinea<o:p></o:p></div>
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2<o:p></o:p></div>
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Belgium<o:p></o:p></div>
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11<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hawai’i<o:p></o:p></div>
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20<o:p></o:p></div>
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Marshall Island<o:p></o:p></div>
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Brazil<o:p></o:p></div>
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12<o:p></o:p></div>
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Indonesia<o:p></o:p></div>
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21<o:p></o:p></div>
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Samoa<o:p></o:p></div>
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4<o:p></o:p></div>
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China<o:p></o:p></div>
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13<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kiribati<o:p></o:p></div>
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22<o:p></o:p></div>
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Solomons<o:p></o:p></div>
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Cook Islands<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
14<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Micronesia FSM<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
23<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sri Lanka<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Côte d’Ivoire<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
15<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Nauru<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
24<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Timor leste<o:p></o:p></div>
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</tr>
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7<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Fiji<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
16<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
New Zealand<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
25<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tonga<o:p></o:p></div>
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8<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
France<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
17<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Niue<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
26<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tuvalu<o:p></o:p></div>
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9<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
French Polynesia<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
18<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Palau<o:p></o:p></div>
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27<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Vanuatu<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The making process have generated <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">268 unique interactions between the 53 contributors (taking into account that the four editors are connected to all contributors).
Such unique interaction means than two authors have their name together on the
same publication, and that this is occurring 268 times in the manual. A complete list of references produced will be produced when the manual will be printed. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitct3l9xjE-PW5tBeK_sAwQms_RU8BJFtdhyphenhyphenLuWURxLZ6NtXIlnzQNd9AK5jjp4xlvjKWgdjui6uzxNrWJpy5LISTdfGqbylrlZgT4PEwn23AkW1XTEu9tZ-U8EceW0OnoTJNg2x_vnSw/s1600/caption+Network+representation+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="82" data-original-width="614" height="53" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitct3l9xjE-PW5tBeK_sAwQms_RU8BJFtdhyphenhyphenLuWURxLZ6NtXIlnzQNd9AK5jjp4xlvjKWgdjui6uzxNrWJpy5LISTdfGqbylrlZgT4PEwn23AkW1XTEu9tZ-U8EceW0OnoTJNg2x_vnSw/s400/caption+Network+representation+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIbdW2cAMsIzhBou3Dc-51vTAA4VYqhyphenhyphenquqT5mm17ZuLL_IZSq1gX2FzERddRSkZHTLAIpRaT3evkIhFbgb-ls2R8619gSp9inKiiOfv62w0fKJ3YPClbMuNERCS0Ea9ieUWfC9uy9Fu4/s1600/Network+representation+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="922" data-original-width="1200" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIbdW2cAMsIzhBou3Dc-51vTAA4VYqhyphenhyphenquqT5mm17ZuLL_IZSq1gX2FzERddRSkZHTLAIpRaT3evkIhFbgb-ls2R8619gSp9inKiiOfv62w0fKJ3YPClbMuNERCS0Ea9ieUWfC9uy9Fu4/s400/Network+representation+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><br /></b>
<b>See also: <a href="https://lrd.spc.int/risk-management-in-the-cidp">https://lrd.spc.int/risk-management-in-the-cidp</a></b></div>
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimIzX6KHx0ij7j8sM60NgoFOMipMlEn_dkAuaD4OCm-J5luORe9A8_5W86MRISFGTbnItuJ-pnMxJSsiH5Cf8npijuG2K_rIIruzdpiIOw95lc_FffJinQ_WfYCVklK0pFcpKPflrw7eY/s1600/coconut+risk+management+spc+lrd+12.2018.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="888" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimIzX6KHx0ij7j8sM60NgoFOMipMlEn_dkAuaD4OCm-J5luORe9A8_5W86MRISFGTbnItuJ-pnMxJSsiH5Cf8npijuG2K_rIIruzdpiIOw95lc_FffJinQ_WfYCVklK0pFcpKPflrw7eY/s400/coconut+risk+management+spc+lrd+12.2018.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Participants to the meeting held in Nadi, Fiji, in December 2018<br />for both training and refining the Risk Manual</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Training on Risk Management and Mitigation of the Coconut Value Chain in the Pacific Region</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Program of the meeting</span></b></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>11th to 14th December 2018 - Tanoa International Hotel</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Day 1: Tuesday 11th December 2018</b>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; tab-stops: center 45.45pt 132.7pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8:30-9:00<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>REGISTRATION <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 20.4pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; tab-stops: center 45.45pt 134.6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9:00-9:30 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Opening Session <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 11.85pt 91.65pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Welcome (SPC & CIRAD)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; tab-stops: center 45.45pt 209.95pt 371.5pt 416.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9:30-9:45<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>COFFEE/TEA BREAK -
GROUP PHOTO SESSION <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; tab-stops: center 48.8pt 194.35pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9:45-12:15 Plenary session (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">N.
Hussein</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; tab-stops: center 48.8pt 194.35pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 91.65pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Introduction of participants
(roundtable) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 91.65pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Overview of the </span><a href="https://lrd.spc.int/our-work/coconut-industry-development-for-the-pacific"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">CIDP project</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">N.
Hussein</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 2.8pt 91.65pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Presentation and registration to the
“</span><a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/coconut"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Coconut Google group</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. Bourdeix</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 2.8pt 91.65pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Presentation of the new Manual
Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation for the Pacific Region and expected
outcomes of the meeting (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. Bourdeix</i>)
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 11.85pt 91.65pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Open discussion/questions/revision of
the program of the meeting if needed <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; tab-stops: center 93.0pt 371.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">12:15-13:30 LUNCH BREAK<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
13:30-15:00 Plenary session (R. Bourdeix) – Categorizing risks
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 88.7pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -68.3pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.75pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The DOMAT format (J. Lin)</span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The example of
Cyclones, tropical storms and Tsunamis (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">R. B.</span></i><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.75pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Eight category of
risks?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(J. Lin)</span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Forty risks or more? (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> R. B.</i>)</span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 9.45pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 9.45pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">15:00-15:15
COFFEE/TEA BREAK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">15:15-17:30
– Organizing the work on risk descriptions (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R.
Bourdeix</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 9.45pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Involvement of
trainees as contributors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Organize tomorrow’s work on risk
descriptions</span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Repartition into
three/four working groups</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 20.4pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Day 2: Wednesday 12th December 2018</b></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -72pt;">8:30-9:00
Wrap up of the previous day. Plenary to present the objectives of the day (</span><i style="text-indent: -72pt;">R. Bourdeix</i><span style="text-indent: -72pt;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 20.4pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.65pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9:00-11:00 – Group sessions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.65pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.65pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group 1 – Risks linked to climate change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1 - Cyclones,
tropical storms and tsunamis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2 - Drought<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3 - Flooding<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 91.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4 - Change in
temperature change (heat and cold) and other climate hazards<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.65pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group 2 - </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Risks
linked to Pest and Diseases, part 1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5 - Spread of phytoplasmas (lethal
yellowing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>like disease)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6 - Spread of viroid diseases (DFMT,
in Vanuatu and Guam viroid).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7 - Spread of Oryctes and other
insects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8 - Spread of mites (Aceria
guerreronis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 20.4pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group 3 – Risk linked to
Post-harvest and processing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">24 - Late delivery of expired, rotten
or degraded products<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">25 - Contamination of coconut
products by aflatoxins and other pests<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">26 - Lack of taste and palatability
of coconut products<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 9.45pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 9.45pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11:00-11:30
COFFEE/TEA BREAK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.65pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.65pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11:30-13.30 – Group session (continued)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.65pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 20.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 20.15pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group
1 – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Risks linked to
planting material<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">12<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-Lack
of good and diversified planting material<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">13<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-Inefficient
method for selecting parent palm for seednuts production<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">14<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-Loss
of traditional varieties<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">15</span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-Unavailability of certified
organic planting material<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.65pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group 2 - </span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Risks li</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">nked to Pest and Diseases, part 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9-Spread of other pests (pigs, bats,
cows, rats)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">10- Transmission of disease through
public or private nurseries<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-Transmission
of disease through germplasm movements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 20.4pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group 3 – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Risks linked to Policies</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">21 - </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Private </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">investment</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> in coconut research, replanting, and value
addition</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">22 - Change of international
regulation concerning quality of coconut for export<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">23 - Coconut Development projects not
benefiting the relevant beneficiaries<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>13:30-14:30 LUNCH BREAK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">14:30-16:00
– Plenary session – Improvement of existing texts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Report Group 1, 8 risk descriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Report Group 2, 7 risk descriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">16:00-16:15
COFFEE/TEA BREAK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">16:15-18:00
Plenary Session - Improvement of existing texts</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Report Group 3, 6 risk descriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Organizing tomorrow work on risk
descriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 104%; margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0.65pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 104%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 104%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Repartition into
three/four working groups</span><span style="text-indent: 0cm;"> </span></div>
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<b style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Day 3: Thursday 13th December 2018</b></div>
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<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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8:30-9:00 Recap of the previous day. Plenary to present the objectives of the day (R. Bourdeix)
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9:00-11:00 – Group sessions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group
1 – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Risks linked to
agricultural practices, part 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">16-</span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Utilization of poor and obsolete plantation management techniques<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">20<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> - Shortage or unaffordability of organic and
mineral fertilizers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">18- Low availability
of seeds and ortets of cover crops<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group 2 - Risks linked to Economics and marketing part 1 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(J. Lin and R. Bourdeix)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">27 - Fluctuation and
decrease in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">the purchase price of coconut
products<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">28 - Difficulty getting loans to
start or improve coconut business<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">29- Missing the most profitable
business of aromatic coconut water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group
3 – Risk linked to cultural habits, part 1 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(R.
Bourdeix)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">34 - Feelings of superiority of some
coconut stakeholders from the Pacific Region<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">36 - Lack of adapted and reliable information
about farming and technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">37 - Westernization of dietary habits
in the Pacific Region<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11:00-11:30
COFFEE/TEA BREAK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11:30-13.30 – Group session (continued)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group
1 – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Risks linked to
agricultural practices, part 2, and one more<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">17 - Loss of traditional agricultural
knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">20 - Lack of </span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">agricultural manpower<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">31 - Difficulty to
sell products from remote </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">farms</span><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 9.45pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group 2 - Risks linked to Economics and marketing part 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">30 - Unaffordable
cost of organic and fair trade certification<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">32 - Insufficient, irregular or
seasonal supply by farmers to factories<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">33 - Dysfunctionning in farmer’s
organizations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 9.45pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Group
3 – Risk linked to cultural habits, part 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9.45pt 0.75pt 92.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">37 - Marginalization linked to the
adoption of agricultural innovations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">38 - Consumer craze for coconut
products may diminish and disappear<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">13:30-14:30 LUNCH BREAK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">14:30-16:00
– Plenary session – Improvement of existing texts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Report Group 1, 6 risk descriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Report Group 2, 7 risk descriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">16:00-16:15
COFFEE/TEA BREAK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">16:15-18:00
Plenary Session - Improvement of existing texts</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Report Group 3, 5 risk descriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Organize tomorrow’s work on the
remaining manual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">19:30-21:00
SOCIAL COCKTAIL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Day 4: Friday 14th December 2018</b></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -72pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -72pt;">8:30-9:00
Recap up of the previous day. Plenary to present the objectives of the day (</span><i style="text-indent: -72pt;">R. Bourdeix</i><span style="text-indent: -72pt;">)</span></div>
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9:00-11:00 – Plenary session: content and general structure of the manual
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Introductive texts <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Illustrations (figures and pictures)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Annexes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Any additional information to be
added?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11:00-11:15
COFFEE/TEA BREAK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11:15-13:00
– Plenary session: how to diffuse and use this manual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Communication strategies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Understanding the context<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How to take action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">On-line vs paper version<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any other topics related to communication and
awareness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">13:00-14:30 LUNCH BREAK <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">14:30-16:15
– – Plenary session: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Brief presentation of the outputs of
the meeting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Prospects for the future<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 103%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Closing ceremony<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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16:15-16:30 COFFEE/TEA BREAK</div>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-77442182680561555392019-09-04T13:26:00.001-07:002020-01-30T03:38:49.901-08:00Tuvalu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #01011f; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><i>By R. Bourdeix, 2019</i></span></h3>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbGuM6WqBPb4bwNJioPUJrxVUHppSvmBHEtFwEAGhhpmK77CeylaoBR_a8g8ihmMFbUAkSlGjq7UEQQBce6BTtbenVe6rwZ1hhKjAWytyQdgn6Gtnu1nq58lzv11-hcCsrMOdLZOc4sFE/s1600/Tv-map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="329" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbGuM6WqBPb4bwNJioPUJrxVUHppSvmBHEtFwEAGhhpmK77CeylaoBR_a8g8ihmMFbUAkSlGjq7UEQQBce6BTtbenVe6rwZ1hhKjAWytyQdgn6Gtnu1nq58lzv11-hcCsrMOdLZOc4sFE/s320/Tv-map.jpg" width="297" /></a></div>
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Tuvalu, formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is an island country located in the Pacific Ocean, situated in Oceania, about midway between Hawaii and Australia. It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (Solomon Islands), southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna, and north of Fiji. It is composed of three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5° to 10° south and longitude of 176° to 180°, west of the International Date Line. Tuvalu had a population of 10,640 (2012 census). The total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 square kilometres.</div>
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Dr R. Bourdeix visited Tuvalu long time ago, from the 24th of April 2000 to the the 11th of May 2000. The objective of this visit was to characterize coconut diversity and to collect coconut embryos to be cultivated in SPC laboratory in Fiji. Then, these embryos were planned to be sent to the Papua New Guinea International Germplasm bank for conservation. <span style="background-color: transparent;">The atolls of Funafuti, Vaitupu, Nui and Nukufetau were visited. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">About
2326 seednuts were collected to obtain about 1587 albumen cylinders containing
embryos. From all this material, only one palm survived and is now planted at the Stewart Research Station in Madang, Papua New Guinea.</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Past coconut Seed systems</h3>
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In October 1972, a huge hurricane destroyed many Coconut palms in the Funafuti atoll. Then in 1973, 3000 seednuts were more of less accidentally introduced from the Rennell Island, Solomon, and released to farmers. These seednuts were originally destined to be delivered in Kiribati, but the cargo released them in Funafuti.</div>
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Part of these seednuts were sent to Vaitupu atoll to make a seed garden for production of Malayan Red Dwarf x Rennell Tall Hybrid. In 2000, only a few palms looking like true Rennell cultivar can be seen again in Funafuti (a nice one is located near the bank). But there is many palms looking like Tall x Tall hybrids, intermediate forms, or ordinary Solomon Island Tall cultivar. This may be due to the last hurricane in 1993, who destroyed again many coconut. May be also the Rennell Seednuts were collected along the coast of Rennell Island, and not around the volcanic lake inland, where the true Rennell Type is located; So a mix of the ordinary Solomon Island Tall (SIT) and true Rennell Type has probably been introduced in Funafuti.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The </span><span lang="EN-US">Elisefou Seed Garden was designed in Vaitupu </span><span style="font-size: small;">for producing hybrids between Malayan Red Dwarf and Rennell Island Tall. </span><a href="https://tuvalu.leadinghand.agency/wp-content/uploads/2015-Tuvalu-National-Budget-1.pdf" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;" target="_blank">A document from 2015</a><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> indicates the wish of the government to rehabilitate Elisefou Agriculture Station and "The re-establishment of the Dwarf Coconut breeding program at the Elisefou Agriculture station to continue the cross breeding of the Rennell Tall and the Malayan dwarf coconuts to produce the cross-breed coconut seed nuts for distribution to farmers to increase their coconut production."</span></div>
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<h3>
Present coconut Seed system</h3>
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According to M. Uatea Vave, the government is releasing to farmers seednuts of 5 varieties, one local (Tuvalu Tall) and five introduced varieties (Malayan Yellow Dwarf, Malayan Tall, Tagnanan Tall and Tampakan tall, information to be confirmed). Phone contact to the nurseries are 688 20305 and 688 20836. In 2017, less than 200 seednuts have been released to farmers.</div>
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The Department of Agriculture also helps farmer in clearing the land and designing planting by using the appriopriate distance between planting holes.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
No activity was conducted regarding seed systems in the framework of the CIDP project. There is a need to propose a new seed system inspired from those recently proposed in many Pacific countries and allowing to produce both Dwarf, Tall and Dwarf x Tall certified seednuts. New design is based on seed garden interplanted with Red-Orange Dwarfs and Green Tall within an agroforestry system. The varieties to be released will have to be adapted to the different uses (toddy, virgin coconut oil, milk, copra).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
There is also a crucial need to document the coconut germplasm by creating a Catalogue of Tuvaluan coconut varieties (online and paper), such as the one presently developed for French Polynesia . The design of such catalogue is inspired and improved from the global catalogue of conserved germplasm published by the COGENT network . This catalogue will help to make visible coconut diversity in Tuvalu and will strongly increase public awareness for coconut conservation and use.</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Coconut varieties</h3>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A Par<span style="font-family: inherit;">ticipatory Rural Appraisal Survey on coconut diversity was organised at Vaitupu Island by Sam Panapa in October 1999. Ten men and no women were involved in this survey at Tumaseu Village.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Local name<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Quoted by men<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Importance and
notes<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(1=very rare, to </span></span></b><b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">10= very
numerous)</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Te Kula<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Red Fruit<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">8.</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> <i>Note from R. Bourdeix: what is called
“red” may be in fact “brown” according to the importance cotation.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Te Ui<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Green Fruit<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">8</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Te Alava<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Ligth-red Fruit<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">8</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Uto<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Sweet edible Coconut<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">6</span></b><span lang="EN-US">. <i>From 10 seednuts of this cultivar, only 1
to 2 will give again the same type. </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Niu masela<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Green Dwarf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">9. </span></b><i><span lang="EN-US">Note from R. Bourdeix:”masela”=”Marshall Islands”,
place where this dwarf originates</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Niu Fiiti<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Malayan Red Dwarf (MRD)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">7. </span></b><i><span lang="EN-US">Note from R. Bourdeix: introduced from Fiji islands</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">7<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Lotuma<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Rennell Island Tall (MRD)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">8. </span></b><i><span lang="EN-US">Note from R. Bourdeix: confusion between Rotuma
Island Tall (Fiji) and Rennell Island Tall (Solomon Islands); but may be
these 2 cultivars are relatives.</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">8<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Niu Tauaga<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Thick fibre and small nuts<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">3</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">9<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Niu Kalisilisi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Inflorescences without spikelet<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5. </span></b><i><span lang="EN-US">This is what scientist call Spicata types.</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">10<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Niu Elisefou<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Hybrid MRD x RIT <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">9 </span></b><i><span lang="EN-US">Produced at the Elisefou Seed Garden, Vaitupu</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">11<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Niu AafA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Dwarf light Red fruits <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small;">9 </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Niu Tauga, also named “Niu Fai Kafa”, was quoted as “3” for importance. During Dr Roland Bourdeix visit to Vaitupu, It was possible to see only one palm and to harvest only 3 fruits, pictures of witch were taken. It was not possible to see or taste any sweet coconut, also quoted 6 for importance. So we think that the importance of the later (in terms of palm number of frequency) is clearly over estimated in this study. These kinds of coconut palms are more present in people’s mind than in the fields; they are really endangered and they need to be collected and secured; but, as these coconuts type are now rare, it w</span>as not possible to collect them during our trip.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: start;">
Some dwarf forms looking like Niu Leka dwarfs, some Red and Yellow Dwarf looking like Malayan types and some intermediate forms can be seen in the main island of the Funafuti Atoll. A green dwarf for Marshall Island is more common.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Here under is a description of the eigth populations surveyed by Dr R. Bourdeix</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<u><b>Marshall Green Dwarf Funafuti (MAGD02)</b></u></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In 1972,
before the big hurricane, M. Willy O’Brian introduced one seednuts of a Green
Dwarf type from the Marshall Islands. This man left Funafuti and live now in
Tokelau, a Polynesian island, so it was not possible to learn more about this
introduction. This first dwarf palm was planted in the garden of M. Vaie
Manase. This kind of green dwarf, used for toddy production, is now very
appreciated because of its early flowering and its slow growth. People said
“even an old man can make his toddy”. The small nuts are of little value. It
looks very closed to the cultivar called “Sri Lanka Green Dwarf” (PGD). Anyway,
we decided to collect because PGD has shown interesting characteristics
(especially tolerance to lethal yellowing in Ghana). This accession was named
“Marshall Green Dwarf Funafuti”. It fact we harvested a mix of the first and
the second generation from the original palm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It took a
lot of time to collect this dwarf. We had to go garden by garden, and explain
each fellow what we were doing and why. It takes a lot of time, but the people
gave kindly the seednuts free. At the end, M. Katepu Laoi collected directly
embryos by husking the seednuts and extracting cylinders in the gardens, and
the inhabitants were interested to see the process. If any introduction of new dwarf cultivars is
done, we suggest to give free some seedlings to the following people the garden
of which were harvested.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<b><u>Tuvalu Tall Funangongo TUV01</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOH0bUaVYprsT2JqnXOkDvSbauVD5VZfw3MxKhWPlwg72gu-rmA_tVkRa5wxYQ-zDR52bLkx3VovPZ6eFUMvuRlRh1A2ITKQ4ecExpMaEe_iBtIocLZxIecALYABwRVTR9ANEnXfAIW-g/s1600/Img000085.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOH0bUaVYprsT2JqnXOkDvSbauVD5VZfw3MxKhWPlwg72gu-rmA_tVkRa5wxYQ-zDR52bLkx3VovPZ6eFUMvuRlRh1A2ITKQ4ecExpMaEe_iBtIocLZxIecALYABwRVTR9ANEnXfAIW-g/s320/Img000085.tif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Mickey mouse" coconut with two ears:<br />
surprising shapes of the fruits<br />
of Tuvalu Tall Funangongo </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US">This
population was harvested on Funangongo (or Papa Elise) islet. This is a kind of
Coconut palm growing in very hard conditions and producing elongated fruits and
nuts. The average production is less than 10 fruits per palm per year. In my
opinion, this may be the “wildest” type of coconut that we collected both in
the Cook and the Tuvalu islands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The first
harvest of seednuts was done the 27 of April, 2000. About 100 ungerminated
husked nuts were collected. These nuts were kept without any care in the
nursery of the Agricultural Division and many embryos (just the embryos) were
eaten by ants during out boat trip. So it it must be known that, under atoll
conditions, it is impossible to keep husked coconuts without protecting them
against insects and rats. </span>The 28 of
April 2000, I asked M. Tavau Teii to organize another harvest of seednuts in
Papa Elise Islet. The amount required was 300 ungerminated husked Coconuts, for
a price of 100 AUS$ (wich is at least twice the normal price, but I wanted to
be sure of getting the seednuts). M. Tavau accepts it, but when we come back
from our boat trip, he was gone to Fiji and only 240 non husked seednuts has
been delivered to the nursery (instead of 300 husked seednuts). We husked these
seednuts and obtain only 141 non germinated husked nuts from the 240. So I
asked the Agricultural division to send me free another lot of seednuts. A lot
of only 74 husked seednuts was delivered the last night before my departure;;
the last embryos extractions were conducted the next morning, about one hour
before the flight.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u>Tuvalu Tall weddings (TUVT02)</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In the
Funafuti and Vaitupu atolls, there is a small number of tall palms (10 to 20)
producing a large number of very small pointed fruits. This type of tall palm
was not observed on the islets. So we decided to collect it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This type
could be a Tall x Tall hybrid, but I do not think so. The Tuvalu Tall in
Funafuti produces medium to small fruits. The other tall introduced is the
Rennell tall, with large fruits. So it is not convincing that the cross Tuvalu
Tall x Rennell Tall produces very small fruits. People says that these palms
produces only this type of very small fruits (in some other coconut cultivars,
the same palm may produce little and medium to big fruits, depending on
environmental variations). May be the DNA analysis will help us to understand
what are really these Tuvalu Tall producing very small fruits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="textetableau">
<span lang="EN-US">Many already
germinated fruits were observed remaining attached to the collected palms. The
nuts are so small that it is impossible to use the extractors for taking the
albumen cylinders. The nuts breaks at the germination hole level and the
embryos is then visible and spoiled. So
we lost many nuts before finding a acceptable method, which consist in removing
the shell from the albumen and then cutting with a knife a piece of albumen
containing embryo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="textetableau">
<span lang="EN-US">People
said that this kind of palm is used for weddings. You can offer these little
nuts to drink when there is too much guests; after weddings, the tradition
forbids to go to the bush for a certain period of time; during this period,
people use also this kind of palm to provide coconuts for the family needs.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="textetableau">
<b><u>Tuvalu Tall Fuafatu TUVT03</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fuafatu is
one of the little islets of Funafuti Atoll. The average production is less than
5 fruits per palm per year. The fruits are elongated, but inside the nuts shape
is rounder that the one from Funangongo (or Papa Elise) islet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Many
seednuts picked up below palms appeared already germinated when husked. Then
husked seednuts were kept without care in the nursery of the Agricultural
Division and many embryos (just the embryos, see the picture) were eaten by
ants during our boat trip.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>Tuvalu Tall Alae (TUVT04)</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In Vaitupu
The island seems older than Funafuti atoll and the soil is better. Collected in
the zone proposed by Trewens as a site for taking seednuts for replanting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>Tuvalu Tall Pongamanu (TUVT05)</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Conservation
zone, but unfortunately a severe harvest has been done the week before the
survey, so it was not possible to obtain a large number of embryos.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<b><u>Tuvalu Tall Lolotenge (TUVT06)</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HlKp4vWXTzadnhAXb2E2O1PLYsW-35m5iA7bQy6Mwl72Vg3_gUIAoIixRMWrkylNaQTl5LiKixHffZiOO3rPCOlXoz9HQoD3HgROLt1nrDs_9dzoVcgKs314f5dg24HIpeHGsi4xqew/s1600/Img000075+small.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="756" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HlKp4vWXTzadnhAXb2E2O1PLYsW-35m5iA7bQy6Mwl72Vg3_gUIAoIixRMWrkylNaQTl5LiKixHffZiOO3rPCOlXoz9HQoD3HgROLt1nrDs_9dzoVcgKs314f5dg24HIpeHGsi4xqew/s320/Img000075+small.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The composition of the fruits of Tuvalu Tall Lolotenge<br />
is exceptional with a husked coconut weigthing <br />
500 grammes for a husk of only 50 grammes.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US">M. Koliata
Potongo is the coconut grove owner. On the left side at the entrance of the
plantation (from the road near the see), there is a very special palm producing
a large number of little fruits with a very low percentage of husk : about
50 grams of Husk for a husked fruit of 500 grams. This palm was tagged 130. The young green fruit are green and stripped
with brown belt (see picture). About 40 seednuts were collected from this palm.
We think it is an old forgotten cultivar strongly selected for drinkable nuts.
Although very thin, husk is very difficult to remove with the traditional
husking thick.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b>Tuvalu Tall Nukufetau (TUVT07)</b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Seednuts
both from Motulalo islet (165 seednuts) and Fale Islet (141 seednuts). Husked
nuts from Motulalo seems a little bigger and more round. We came back to Fale
with Katepu Laoi to get some more for fruit component analysis; all the fruits
analysed come from Fale, and it was very difficult to get them. Intercropping
with giant Taro in big holes.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
Other coconut-related topics</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In Tuvalu’s, previous survey works on coconut fruit characters has been done by Mr K. Trewren who surveyed several of the atolls (Anon 1982), and by Foale (1984) who visited only Funafuti. No seednuts were collected during these surveys. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In Tuvalu the sap from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is known as “toddy”. A study conducted in 2013 examined toddy's current use as a foodstuff, the contribution of the sale of toddy products to household incomes and the potential use of sour toddy as a sustainable feedstock for bioethanol production for use as a petroleum substitute in Tuvalu. At 2013 levels of production and use, less than 1% of coconut palms were used for toddy production by 1133 producers. </div>
<h3>
References</h3>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Labouisse, J. P., & Bourdeix, R. (2003). Coconut germplasm collecting, characterisation and conservation in Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands and Tuvalu: Project LOA IPGRI 00/015, March 2000-February 2001. Final report.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Ashburner, G. R., Thompson, W. K., Halloran, G. M., & Foale, M. A. (1997). Fruit component analysis of South Pacific coconut palm populations. Genetic resources and crop Evolution, 44(4), 327-335.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Foale, M. A. (1987). Coconut germplasm in the south Pacific islands (No. 436-2016-33768). </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Madaleno, I.M. Climate change in the Pacific: Tuvalu case study. Ecosystems and sustainable development. Southampton: WitPress, 243-252. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Koch, G. (1984). Th<span style="text-align: justify;">e material culture of Tuvalu (Vol. 3). editorips@ usp. ac. fj. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Whistler, W. A. (1988). Ethnobotany of Tokelau: the plants, their Tokelau names, and their uses. Economic Botany, 42(2), 155-176. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Hemstock, S. L. (2013). The potential of coconut toddy for use as a feedstock for bioethanol production in Tuvalu. Biomass and bioenergy, 49, 323-332.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Trewren, K. (1984). Coconut Development in Tuvalu. Ministry of Commerce and Natural Resources.</span><br />
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-12018775714340068032019-09-04T13:25:00.003-07:002020-01-06T23:15:57.196-08:00Marshall Islands<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i style="background-color: white; color: #01011f; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14.85px;">By R. Bourdeix, 2019</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirLhphL83zMAZMP6_xZXQDYJMdRlqziUlCG63UYkiZooXjaGcHVlXOzFQm5vABWlll-wJrY1cJqDQLFf0EKf83_550UZIWCeHJBnE0Z6k_J3iuf1ujbwGJbHcaEpM2TtExO3MHN882Ggw/s1600/marshalls.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="750" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirLhphL83zMAZMP6_xZXQDYJMdRlqziUlCG63UYkiZooXjaGcHVlXOzFQm5vABWlll-wJrY1cJqDQLFf0EKf83_550UZIWCeHJBnE0Z6k_J3iuf1ujbwGJbHcaEpM2TtExO3MHN882Ggw/s320/marshalls.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a Micronesian nation consisting of 29 atolls each made up of many islets and 5 main islands in the central Pacific Region. The atolls and islands are situated in two parallel chain-like formations known as the Ratak (Sunrise or eastern) group and the Ralik (Sunset or western) group. The total number of islands and islets in the whole Republic is approximately 1225 spreading across a sea area of over 2 million km². The total land area is about 181 km². The mean height of land is about 2 m above sea level. In 2003, the population of RMI was estimated at 56,429 inhabitants.<br />
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<h3>
Coconut production</h3>
According to McGregor and Sheehy (2017), the coconut area in Marshall Island was about 20 000 hectares in 2017, for an average density of 120 palms per hectare, each palm producing in average about 23 coconuts per year. This yield is probably underestimated because of uncounted local consumption. In 2012, the export of coconut oil was 3.8 MT but it felt to 1.8 in 2016 and 0.8 in 2017. For this latest year, Marshall Islands were classified at the rank 11 for coconut production among countries of the Pacific region.<br />
Almost all the coconut land is managed by smallholders, whose land areas vary from 0.8 to 6 ha. Various consultants estimate that 90% of land is under coconut in the outer islands and about 25% for the Majuro and Kwajalein atolls. The coconut is primarily a subsistence crop managed by family members. After meeting the domestic needs, the surplus is converted to copra and marketed for cash income.<br />
From 1885 to 1979 when Tobolar Copra Processing Company was set up, copra continued to be the major export earner. Since 1979, coconut oil and copra cake resulting from copra processing became the major export earner. Copra (dried coconut) remains the main cash crop, though its output has been falling. The poor transport links between the islands, atolls, and Majuro is a problem, as the crop has to come to the capital for processing and packaging before exportation. The price earned by growers has fallen (the price halved between 1994 and 1997), reducing their incentive to produce, but it was still above the world price due to a government subsidy. The long-term problem is that the coconut trees are declining in productivity as they become older and, with lower prices, the growers have little incentive to replace the tree stock. The lack of private land titles and a land market is a further problem. Without land as collateral, farmers find it difficult to raise loans to finance replanting.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbmdk4L9wM1abT_hIB-O6Mb8QV9XU0ufj_wisu_WMUsyNrA3O5foB59KZ5_ca8Pw1sAA0-n33GmSL0Ii7kNm7riFSQr-ivdE_r1zIFY0v3tN-X0TtuDiREQfO7r-aSR6P9OIb2BK51tmo/s1600/Marshall_Islands_PICT1074_%25284777203814%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbmdk4L9wM1abT_hIB-O6Mb8QV9XU0ufj_wisu_WMUsyNrA3O5foB59KZ5_ca8Pw1sAA0-n33GmSL0Ii7kNm7riFSQr-ivdE_r1zIFY0v3tN-X0TtuDiREQfO7r-aSR6P9OIb2BK51tmo/s400/Marshall_Islands_PICT1074_%25284777203814%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A coconut bunch pictured in the Marshall Islands<br />by Christopher Johnson, 2009.</td></tr>
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<h3>
Past coconut Seed systems</h3>
In 1960’s a Tall variety with large nuts was introduced into a few areas. This type, named Thifow, was introduced from Yap (FSM) in 1957 to replant Namorik atoll devastated by a typhoon. It has big, rather oblong nuts with high copra content (De Taffin, 1992).<br />
Present coconut Seed system<br />
It seems that there is presently no institution releasing coconut seednuts to farmers. The 2016 annual report of the Division of Trade and Investment indicates that the National Export strategy have examined the potential for exports in five identified sectors namely fisheries, pandanus, coconut; handicraft and tourism. So the interest of Marshall Island about coconut sector remains important. In 2000, a small collection plot intercropped with banana was available in Majuro Atoll, but information about the origin of the coconut seednuts was no more available (Labouisse & Bourdeix, 2003).<br />
<h3>
Coconut varieties</h3>
The varieties of coconuts in RMI are mainly Tall with few Dwarfs planted close to dwellings. The Dwarf types are used for drinking and for tapping sap/toddy (locally called jekaro). The Dwarf variety is not suitable for copra. Hiyane (1964) conducted some studies on local coconut types and varieties, but it was not possible to recover this publication. More recently, Labouisse & Bourdeix (2003) listed some varieties from Arno Atoll. These varieties are still not conserved in any genebank and there is a need to develop a standardised catalogue of coconut varieties, as recently initiated for French Polynesia.<br />
<h3>
Other coconut-related topics</h3>
Coconut is very much a part of Marshallese culture and has several uses, of which the main ones are drinking nuts, cooking nuts, domestic fuel, toddy/sap of the unopened spathe (flower), syrup, sugar, vinegar, roof-thatching, baskets, and handicraft material. The land tenure system in the Republic is unique. Ownership and rights to a parcel of land and its products is based on a complicated system of titles, rank, inheritances and land categories, with several individuals being in possession of the land and the ultimate control being in the hands of the Chief (Iroij).<br />
It is Marshallese custom to associate men with the sea and sky, and women with the land and earth. In the context of copra production, traditionally it is the men that climb the trees and produce copra and women’s lives are centered on the home garden and the preparation of food. Currently all the family are involved in copra production and it widely held that copra production is suited to all members of the family.<br />
<h3>
References</h3>
Some of the old references (1960's) cited hereunder remains to be found. It will help to improve the knowledge about coconut varieties and seed systems in the country.<br />
<br />
Annual Report 2016. Ministry of Resources & Development, Division of Trade and Investment, Marshall Islands.<br />
Anonymous, Composition of the Coconut Variety Thifow, Indigenous to Yap, TTPI. Rangiroa, French Polynesia: SPC Tech[nical] Meet[ing].<br />
De Taffin, G., (1992). Report of Mission to Marshall Islands, 26th February-6 March 1992”, Doc IRHO n° 2426, 12/5/1992, IRHO, Paris, France)<br />
H.L.B. (1953). Pieris Completes Coconut Survey: Notes Room for Improvement. Micronesian Monthly, Vol. 2, No. 4, Mar., p. 9.<br />
Hiyane, James 1964 “Coconut Types in the Marshalls.” Coconut Culture in Micronesia. East-West Center Institute for Technical Interchange and the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. pp. 65-67. (Excerpts from papers at the Pacific Coconut Production and Processing Interchange at Metalanim, Ponape, July 1964.)<br />
Labouisse, JP and R Bourdeix. 2003. Coconut germplasm collecting, characterization and conservation in Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands and Tuvalu. Final project report. CIRAD, Montpellier, France.<br />
Look, D. (2012). TTPI Saipan Agriculture Station. Recent History, 13.<br />
McGregor, A., Sheehy, M., (2017). An overview of the market for Pacific Island coconut products and the ability of industries to respond. Farmers Organisation Network. Pacific Community (SPC), Fiji.<br />
Sproat, M., (1967). Composition of the coconut variety Thifow, indigenous to Yap, TTPI. South Pacific Commission Tech. Meet. Coconut Production, Rangiroa.<br />
UniQuest, Draft Final Report, Coconut Sector Development Study (ADB TA 2994-RMI). Note from R. Bourdeix: report prepared by an expert who never visited the country.<br />
Website of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Commerce of Marshall Islands : http://www.rmimrd.com<br />
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-26897157676214730272019-09-04T13:25:00.001-07:002019-12-29T22:35:55.448-08:00Federated States of Micronesia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i>By R. Bourdeix, 2019.</i><br />
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<b>The Federated States of Micronesia</b> (abbreviated FSM) is an independent republic associated with the United States. It consists of four states – from west to east, <b>Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae</b> – that are spread across the Western Pacific Ocean. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands.<br />
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<b>Micronesia</b> is a subregion of Oceania, composed of thousands of small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. There are five main archipelagos - the Caroline Islands. the Gilbert Islands the Line Islands, the Mariana Islands, and the Marshall Islands - along with numerous outlying islands. Politically, the islands of Micronesia are divided <b>between six sovereign nations: t</b>he Caroline Islands are divided between<b> (1) the Republic of Palau </b>and <b>(2) the Federated States of Micronesia,</b> the latter often shortened to "FSM" or "Micronesia" and not to be confused with the overall region; the Gilbert Islands and the Line Islands comprise <b>(3) the Republic of Kiribati,</b> except for three of the Line Islands that are <b>United States territories</b> (<b>Palmyra Atoll</b> being noteworthy as the only current incorporated U.S. Territory); <b>(4) the Mariana Islands</b> are in union with the United States, divided between the U.S. Territory of <b>Guam</b> and the U.S. Commonwealth of <b>the Northern Mariana Islands. </b><b>Nauru (5)</b> is a fully sovereign nation, coextensive with the island of the same name; and (6) <b>the Republic of the Marshall Islands</b> is coextensive with that island group.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Coconut production</h3>
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In a recent study, the area of the island Pohnpei was mapped with very high resolution image data (VHR), which allows: a) a stratification of the coconut area into three different densities; and b) a counting of coconut palms from the image data. Forty two field inventory plots were established where the palms were counted, measured and yield and age was estimated. The result was that the age was very young and the productivity of coconuts per palm was less than FAO states as standard. </div>
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The coconut area was divided in </div>
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<ul>
<li>Dense coconut: 4195 ha, with an average of 210 palms/ha, covering about 18% of the land withvegetation)</li>
<li>Medium dense coconut (285 ha with an average of 96 palms/ha)</li>
<li>Scattered coconut (509 ha, with an average of 31 palms per hectare).</li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
To be noted that an average density of 210 palms per hectare (dense coconut) is too high for optimal production (normally reached at about 143 palms/ha for pure stand). It probably indicates that many coconuts ware not harvested and grow by themselves without human control. The average production was estimated at 31 coconut/palm/year for dense plantations, 37 for medium dense and 47 for scattered plantations.</div>
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For measuring palm age, Therefore the length of 11 leave scares were measured from 1.5 metres onwards. The total length of the trunk was divided by this length and a factor of 5 was added. This age estimation was said to be the praxis of LRD Division of SPC. In the expert opition (R. Bourdeix), this method strongly underestimate the age because the vertical growth strongly reduce after 20 years. It was found that a large mojority of palms were less thann 20 years old.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;">Past coconut Seed systems</span></h3>
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Before World War II, Japan established six agriculture stations
in Micronesia. All of these agriculture stations were destroyed during the
war except the Ponape Agriculture Station. Between 1926 and 1944
outstanding agricultural research was conducted there. After the war, the
United States established six agricultural stations in the Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands. Dr. David Lorence, National Tropical Botanical
Gardens, believes that there was a second peak of research during the
TTPI Period under Manuel Sproat and Leo Migvar. </div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Yap was said to had the best genetically suitable coconut seeds. according to USA Dept. of State, (1959, p. 63) during 1959, 220,000 selected
coconut seed nuts were sent to Rota, Truk, Ponape, and the Marshalls from Yap.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Present coconut Seed system</b></h3>
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CIDP project did not fund activities related to coconut seed system in Micronesia. We did not receive any information from the country about the seed system presently implemented in Micronesia.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Coconut varieties</b><b><br /></b></h3>
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The expert (R. Bourdeix) did not visited the country, and did not receive information from officers in charge.. They are several varietal descriptions existing in old books that we did not succeed to find and read (see the reference section). It would be interesting to make a balance of what was described in the past and what is now remaining. in 2018, a chinese researcher (Dr Haikuo Fan) spent time in the country and started to gather information about coconut varieites.</div>
<h3>
<b>Other coconut-related topics</b></h3>
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In the past, the coconut tree was closely related to religious and spiritual practices, such as special techniques of divination. It would be interesting to carry out a study of these traditions in order to contribute to their preservation or their memory</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>References</b></h3>
We found references of old books that seems to contains many crucial information about coconut varieties and seed systems. Up to now, it was impossible to locate and read some of these old books:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMSKhOFZ5u2HeJ7fiZ5l7QjqDUY5N0Leo3zO4s-4A8OgE5l_cWJb2gHn2CehQt1Laqqi7Kg9deCIRB27AvlS7iziXPsmyMabDC0Hr-XNnQXxBM3uXmsZl3Eje8xBv7TqgCTNKj-UoxTxU/s1600/Coconut+varieties+in+Micronesia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="565" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMSKhOFZ5u2HeJ7fiZ5l7QjqDUY5N0Leo3zO4s-4A8OgE5l_cWJb2gHn2CehQt1Laqqi7Kg9deCIRB27AvlS7iziXPsmyMabDC0Hr-XNnQXxBM3uXmsZl3Eje8xBv7TqgCTNKj-UoxTxU/s200/Coconut+varieties+in+Micronesia.jpg" width="138" /></a><br />
<b>Miss this book: coconut varieties in Micronesia</b><br />
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<a href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4300460?">https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4300460?</a><br />
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<span style="color: #0000ee; text-decoration-line: underline;">https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/47239/How-to-thin-coconut-groves-1965.pdf</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoR_S8hH5JWDKaz3m82exvIXVjewxJLBtAxXsqt3AexwurddkdLwjORKX-WvOF_yJH33h-v7dt39fPfLwjRQf9fRMReiK5YhldQJJS4GAYmvOrCwgIu7OsMfG8CvR3tUcFzvEMLZ-Jiu4/s1600/Coconut+in+Micronesia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "new"; font-size: small;">Pacific Coconut Production and Processing Interchange at Metalanim, Ponape, July, 1964. (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "new"; font-size: small;">plenty information on varieties and past seed systems.)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "new"; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<b>Old books available online</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoR_S8hH5JWDKaz3m82exvIXVjewxJLBtAxXsqt3AexwurddkdLwjORKX-WvOF_yJH33h-v7dt39fPfLwjRQf9fRMReiK5YhldQJJS4GAYmvOrCwgIu7OsMfG8CvR3tUcFzvEMLZ-Jiu4/s1600/Coconut+in+Micronesia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="565" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoR_S8hH5JWDKaz3m82exvIXVjewxJLBtAxXsqt3AexwurddkdLwjORKX-WvOF_yJH33h-v7dt39fPfLwjRQf9fRMReiK5YhldQJJS4GAYmvOrCwgIu7OsMfG8CvR3tUcFzvEMLZ-Jiu4/s200/Coconut+in+Micronesia.jpg" style="text-align: center;" width="132" /></a><br />
Leo Migvar, 1965. <a href="https://cnas-re.uog.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/The-Coconut-in-Micronesia.pdf">Coconut in Micronesia</a>. Agricultural Extension Circular Number 3. Division of Agriculture , Department of Resources and Development , Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Saipan, Mariana Islands.<br />
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Here is the list of Agricultural Extension Circular Series from Micronesia.<br />
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1964 The Cacao Canker Disease<br />
1964 How to Establish a Pepper Garden<br />
1965 The Coconut in Micronesia<br />
1965 Coconut Varieties in Micronesia<br />
1965 How to Process Black and White Pepper
6<br />
1965 How to Thin Coconut Groves<br />
1968 How to Plant Coconuts<br />
1968 Tips on Transplanting<br />
1968 Growing Healthy Bananas<br />
1971 Pandanus in the Marshall Islands<br />
1971 ???<br />
1971 Rats and Coconuts in the Marshall Islands<br />
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<b>Other references</b><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Anonymous, (1964). Coconut Types in Truk. Coconut Culture in Micronesia. East-West Center Institute for Technical Interchange and the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. pp. 69-70. (Excerpts from papers at the Pacific Coconut Production and Processing Interchange at Metalanim, Ponape, July 1964.)</div>
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Balick, M. J., Lee, R. A., De Gezelle, J. M., Wolkow, R., Cohen, G., Sohl, F., ... & Trauernicht, C. (2019). Traditional lifestyles, transition, and implications for healthy aging: An Example from the remote island of Pohnpei, Micronesia. PloS one, 14(3), e0213567.</div>
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De La Cruz, Edward T. and Albert M. Toves 1964 “Palm Trees and Sugarcane: The Island of Rota.” Coconut Culture in Micronesia. EastWest Center Institute for Technical Interchange and the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. July,pp. 47-49. (Excerpts from papers at the Pacific Coconut Production and Processing Interchange at Metalanim, Ponape, July 1964.)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Forstreuter,W., Bataua, K., Wortel, O. (2013). Coconut Resource Assessment Using Pan-Sharpened QuickBird Image Data and Field Inventory Sample Plots. SPC, Fiji. Retrieved from: <a href="http://prdrse4all.spc.int/sites/default/files/coconutresourcepohnpei_fsm_d.pdf">http://prdrse4all.spc.int/sites/default/files/coconutresourcepohnpei_fsm_d.pdf</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Levy, J. (2018). Ideal Coconut Country: Commodified Coconuts and the Scientific Plantation in Pohnpei, Micronesia. The Journal of Pacific History, 53(4), 436-453.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Linton, R. (1926). Ethnology of Polynesia and Micronesia. Guide (Field Museum of Natural History), (6), 1-191.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Manner, H. I. (1993). A review of traditional agroforestry in Micronesia. In In: Raynor, Bill; Bay, Roger R., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the workshop on research methodologies and applications for Pacific Island agroforestry; July 16-20, 1990; Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-140. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture; p. 32-36 (Vol. 140).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Morgan, W. N. (2010). Prehistoric architecture in Micronesia. University of Texas Press.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Perkins, R. M., & Krause, S. M. (2018). Adapting to climate change impacts in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia: the importance of environmental conditions and intangible cultural heritage. Island Studies Journal, 13(1), 65-78.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Rody, N. (1978). Things go better with coconuts—program strategies in Micronesia. Journal of nutrition education, 10(1), 19-22.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sairam, C. V., & Jayasekhar, S. (2018). World Coconut Economy: Sectoral Issues, Markets and Trade. In The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.)-Research and Development Perspectives (pp. 801-820). Springer, Singapore.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Spennemann, D. H. (2019). Trial and Error: The Introduction of Plants and Animals to German Micronesia 1885–1914. The Journal of Pacific History, 1-22.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Valentine, P. S. (1993). Ecotourism and nature conservation: A definition with some recent developments in Micronesia. Tourism management, 14(2), 107-115.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Willyander, M. (2018). Coconut Production for Food Security, Economic Development, and Health: A Comparative Study of Two Communities in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 12(4), 28.</div>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-44511665146698135412019-09-04T13:22:00.004-07:002020-01-08T20:19:54.201-08:00Papua new Guinea<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>By R. Bourdeix, 2020</i><br />
<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHwYMaIa3gSJ44Jt4WwrN3NNCoya1kDkzXrjo_VY30K9u8MzH-sJHKEcCSc_vR7tBo1B0lLsym6-wutmLDpAbw9OUEp4jwDjRMPkvJsf8ORE0oXheW4sTCy3UlghH88q0UiDr9aeO3t3A/s1600/LocationPapuaNewGuinea.svg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="552" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHwYMaIa3gSJ44Jt4WwrN3NNCoya1kDkzXrjo_VY30K9u8MzH-sJHKEcCSc_vR7tBo1B0lLsym6-wutmLDpAbw9OUEp4jwDjRMPkvJsf8ORE0oXheW4sTCy3UlghH88q0UiDr9aeO3t3A/s320/LocationPapuaNewGuinea.svg.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">
Location of coconut genebanks and research facilities</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
in Papua New Guinea. 1. First coconut genebank</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
at Kapogere. 2. Second at Keravat</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
3. Third near Madang</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
4. Next planned in Puni Puni</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Papua New Guinea is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is part of Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. It is one of the most diverse countries on Earth, with over 850 indigenous languages and atleast as many traditional societies, out of a population just under 6 millions.<br />
The coconut industry is the oldest agricultural industry in PNG and has played a significant economic and development role since the 1940s. However, the industry over decades has declined in its status and is now the fourth major commodity after oil palm, coffee and cocoa. <br />
In 1986, the PNG Cocoa and Coconut Research Institute was established to conduct research for the cocoa and coconut industries in the country. In 2003, the Papua New Guinea Cocoa Coconut Institute (PNGCCI) was formed by the merger of PNG Cocoa and Coconut Research Institute (CCRI) and PNG Cocoa and Coconut Extension Agency (CCEA).<br />
<h3>
<b style="text-align: left;">Coconut production</b></h3>
</div>
<div>
In 1909, the area planted was estimated at 16,000 hectares. Almost 106,000 ha were planted between 1910 and 1940. According to McGregor and Sheehy (2017), the coconut area in Papua New Guinea was about 220,000 hectares in 2017, for an estimated average density of 120 palms per hectare, each palm producing in average about 56 coconuts per year. In the expert opinion, this yield is probably overestimated.</div>
<div>
Pacific Islands countries make up over 50% of world copra exports –
with Papua New Guinea being the largest copra producer and exporter. The total copra production of PNG was 146, 256 tons in 2011 and 86,873 tons in 2015.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b style="text-align: left;">Past coconut Seed systems and genebanks</b></div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the first decade of the XXth century, the government established agricultural centres at Rigo, Kapogere and Gobaragere to supply material for planting such crops as rubber, coconuts, cocoa and sisal, and to test a wide range of other crops and shade trees.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The PNG Cocoa and Coconut Research Institute established in 1986 is the research arm of the cocoa and coconut industries in the country. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1988, the CCRI purchased a 1000 hectare property in the Bouganville Province for the coconut research and development programme. Bouganville produced about 40% of PNG copra exports. Infrastructural development had been completed and the research programme initiated when civil problems began. All work there has been suspended to date. Copra production fell to zero levels.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1993, the CCRI purchased a plantation of 500 hectares near Madang, on the mainland of the country, principally for coconut research and also for servicing the cocoa and coconut industries requirements on the mainland. The new research station offices, laboratories, houses and workshops were funded primarily by the Copra Marketing Board. The major land clearing was completed in December 1993. About one third of the land has been planted to research trials and collections. This plantation is called the Stewart Research Station (SRS).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Stewart Research Station of CCRI, located at Murunas in Madang Province, conducted breeding and evaluation studies, as well as agronomy and entomology research. In the 1970s, a number of exotic coconut populations were brought into PNG, initially as planting material. Local populations believe that large but fewer nuts involve less labour while still giving similar copra yield to that from palms with smaller but more numerous nuts.</div>
The Coconut Breeding Section of CCRI conducted a nationwide coconut prospection surveys from 1987 to 1992. Collecting of selected populations started in March 1993. A hybridization programme has been formulated to cross selected local tails with three dwarfs: Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD), Malayan Red Dwarf (MRD) and PNG Brown Dwarf (PBD). Both pollen and seednuts were collected from original sources at the same time. Many seednuts of the hybrid between Malayan Dwarf and Rennell Island Tall were released to farmers.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<h3>
<b>Present coconut Seed system</b></h3>
</div>
</div>
The CIDP project did not fund any activities related to planting material and seed system in PNG. In 2019, the seedgarden producing DxT hybrids are no more producing seednuts, because they are located in a zone where the Bogia disease is active.<br /><div style="text-align: left;">
<h3>
<b>Coconut varieties and genebanks</b></h3>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhen1XOtC6kZwhcU6czRWaVr_rJS1VkxWT1n0Ti7xsA4TnZYzhJfv9qIbVnGmwtVtFmxzGPQ6aBM3xOqqWi0feT9Sc_ZQXGhoHdjAjVjYK6NqawiRlpAtPAOKvlHF0wQ0SlFRAnasaKzdw/s1600/Fond+blog+essai+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1012" data-original-width="1435" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhen1XOtC6kZwhcU6czRWaVr_rJS1VkxWT1n0Ti7xsA4TnZYzhJfv9qIbVnGmwtVtFmxzGPQ6aBM3xOqqWi0feT9Sc_ZQXGhoHdjAjVjYK6NqawiRlpAtPAOKvlHF0wQ0SlFRAnasaKzdw/s400/Fond+blog+essai+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Spicata Red Dwarf,, a rare coconut variety originating from PNG </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1998, the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) establishing the International Coconut Genebank for the South Pacific (ICG-SP) in Papua New Guinea was signed between PNG and IPGRI/COGENT, with the FAO as trustee. The Stewart Research Station hosts the ICG-SP for the conservation, evaluation and use of important germplasm from the South Pacific region. Substantial progress has been made on the establishment of the ICG including land clearing, renovation of the embryo culture laboratory, training local staff, establishment of local and Dwarf accessions.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As the Stewart Research Station and its coconut collection is now threatened by a phytoplasma disease called Bogia disease, plans are underway to move the collection to Puni Puni, in the far southeast of the country.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Other coconut-related topics</b></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_MlbqS6JE3Rk_99g_YNOfH_7uLYGL0lnASFG8OuH7Ao0XA3hB9QfykSZPPnvQkYa05G6h7NNe8U5JYxhZVXUS6SCN4Jv8uIyHFWTR_tHmhA5gpVsek_ZUvy7YR8T_2yPhKR0BxVvoUkY/s1600/EmmaCoe1850-1913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="180" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_MlbqS6JE3Rk_99g_YNOfH_7uLYGL0lnASFG8OuH7Ao0XA3hB9QfykSZPPnvQkYa05G6h7NNe8U5JYxhZVXUS6SCN4Jv8uIyHFWTR_tHmhA5gpVsek_ZUvy7YR8T_2yPhKR0BxVvoUkY/s200/EmmaCoe1850-1913.jpg" width="130" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ms Emma Eliza Coe (1850-1913), also known as "Queen Emma of New Guinea", was a business woman and plantation owner of mixed American/Samoan descent. She brought Samoan coconut varieties to Kokopo (East New Britain Province) in the late eighteen century made the first recorded coconut introductions. Subsequently nuts were brought in from many sources including the New Hebrides (Vanuatu), New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Java. Later, more coconut varieties were also brought in from Asian and Pacific areas. Demonstration plots of various cultivars were planted during the early 1930s at the Bubia Lowland Agricultural Experimental Station. In 1964, it was decided to plant a new trial at Kapogere Agricultural Station in the Central District, Papua. The scope of the trial was broadened to include at least nine foreign introductions: New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Malaysia, Rennell Island, Singapore, Ceylon-Random, Ceylon-Selected, Maldives and Fiji Talls. </div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>References</b></div>
</div>
<div>
McGregor, A., Sheehy, M., (2017). An overview of the market for Pacific Island coconut products and the ability of industries to respond. Farmers Organisation Network. Pacific Community (SPC), Fiji.</div>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-1624802473117484592019-09-01T18:38:00.002-07:002019-09-08T21:39:11.274-07:00Integrating the Polymotu concept into the Fiji National University College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests Campus in Koronivia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>By Vijendra Kumar and R. Bourdeix, 2019</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A project for integrating Polymotu concept of conserving coconut genetic resources into the FNU CAFF campus premises, Koronivia Fiji is being implemented.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Fiji National University, College of Agriculture Campus (FNU-CAFF) is only university out of the three universities in Fiji focusing on education and research into agriculture and is supported by the Fiji Government. This public research university is the center for teaching Agriculture science, Fisheries and Forestry in Fiji. FNU’s academic programmes are recognised worldwide, attracting students and staff from throughout the Pacific Region.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A team of academics at FNU CAFF Koronivia Campus is undertaking to integrate a coconut conservation design inside the Koronivia campus (Fiji), by using the remarkable Orange and Yellow Compact Dwarf varieties recently discovered in Fiji and Tall-types such as Green Rotuman Tall and Sweet Husk variety found in Rotuma and other Fiji Islands.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The coconut palms would not all be planted in one single specific location, but scattered between all the campus buildings as in customary landscaping. This could be an extraordinary opportunity to strengthen the commitment and interest of the thousands of students and the teachers not only from Fiji but also from other pacific countries in regards to effective conservation and utilization of coconut genetic resources. On the other hand, these scattered plantations will also serve as a mini seed-gardens for the production of hybrid seed nuts for planting programs.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A rapid appraisal of coconut varieties presently existing on the campus was conducted. Four coconut varieties were identified, two of which are material introduced from abroad: Malayan Yellow and Red Dwarfs. These two varieties are now common in Fiji and already well conserved at the Taveuni coconut Centre and in home gardens. The third variety is the most common Fijian Tall type, which can be found everywhere while the forth variety are the hybrids produced at Taveuni Coconut Center during the 90’s era.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The representation given below demarcates a possible design around the dairy, poultry and piggery sheds.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyzEuRAXfm5uW9LI29s6iU7Bg6xfeiIR3K7NUuHwoj7C67eVe13lMhQ26kSnPrn0_cTnmRYFWHblpGmo8OtX-4_URKm70epdM3O1_2r_n7ei-2OZUavPy5kR_xKk2Dl4AVdgGHy7lXeRk/s1600/Vijen+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyzEuRAXfm5uW9LI29s6iU7Bg6xfeiIR3K7NUuHwoj7C67eVe13lMhQ26kSnPrn0_cTnmRYFWHblpGmo8OtX-4_URKm70epdM3O1_2r_n7ei-2OZUavPy5kR_xKk2Dl4AVdgGHy7lXeRk/s400/Vijen+1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Compact Red Dwarf x Rotuma Tall - First Polymotu Design in FNU</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Orange dots inside FNU-CAFF dairy, poultry and piggery area represent each Compact Dwarf Coconut palm with orange or red-orange fruits. About 40 to 60 coconut palms from these varieties could be planted around the vicinity of this area as female parents. On the other hand, 80 Green Rotuman Tall will be planted in this area as male parents. Seednuts could be preferably imported from Rotuma Island (very large and good fruits) or from other places in Fiji, and preferably be green sprouted.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Another representation is around the administration building, lecture theatre and the students dormitory.</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1suzEAzPavYnO7vqohFZ61uaY3UKPZdilMV38L71f-Oxp3LBaE9wF49kO0E2g6x0NOKlKmZYAjLMAEHzG0E68tT4InIFtZs0W05vGIbIhHIHXgmBf3oJEza9SKaOfbFz-z9W2fbaeT7o/s1600/Vijen+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1suzEAzPavYnO7vqohFZ61uaY3UKPZdilMV38L71f-Oxp3LBaE9wF49kO0E2g6x0NOKlKmZYAjLMAEHzG0E68tT4InIFtZs0W05vGIbIhHIHXgmBf3oJEza9SKaOfbFz-z9W2fbaeT7o/s400/Vijen+3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Magimagi Tall (green fruits) x Compact Yellow and Red Dwarfs at FNU campus</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Orange and yellow dots inside FNU-CAFF dairy, poultry and piggery area represent each Compact Dwarf Coconut palm with orange or red-orange or yellow fruits. About 60 Compact Dwarf (orange and yellow) coconut palms from these varieties could be planted around the vicinity of this area as female parents. On the other hand, 80 Green Magimagi Tall will be planted in this area as male parents. Seed nuts will be sourced from Taveuni Coconut Center in Taveuni.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This design will allow production of different kinds of hybrid seed nuts:</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">Various types of Compact Dwarfs with orange or red-orange fruits (orange sprouts)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Green Magimagi Tall types (green sprouts)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Natural or man-made hybrids between the compacts dwarfs (red-orange and yellow) and Green Magimagi (brown sprouts)</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The third layout will be established in the CAFF Crop Farm where conservation of tall and dwarf varieties will be pooled as a collection block (germplasm) where 6 dwarf and 4 tall varieties will be conserved for controlled pollination work and will serve as a breeding block for students doing Plant Breeding research work.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9eeTKrZ_HR_htvWiZaRXLi4x6ie3EiJr9FHaFOHKGWwWoGTG0Qu3ksYKUby4w3PEgBZFOSgtA5vzKXNrlu9H6uWBen8P5ZrUtG84hZz_KaxM4Vw7ge_AQ0KqXiBc2ebLUeJtvlhc9Uqk/s1600/Vijen+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9eeTKrZ_HR_htvWiZaRXLi4x6ie3EiJr9FHaFOHKGWwWoGTG0Qu3ksYKUby4w3PEgBZFOSgtA5vzKXNrlu9H6uWBen8P5ZrUtG84hZz_KaxM4Vw7ge_AQ0KqXiBc2ebLUeJtvlhc9Uqk/s400/Vijen+3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Collection of all varieties in FNU Koronivia<br />
<br />
A rapid appraisal of coconut varieties presently existing on the campus was conducted. Four coconut varieties were identified, two of which are material introduced from abroad: Malayan Yellow and Red Dwarfs. These two varieties are now common in Fiji and already well conserved at the Taveuni Coconut Centre and in home gardens. The third variety is the most common Fijian Tall type, which can be found everywhere while the forth variety are the hybrids produced at Taveuni Coconut Center during the 90’s era.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="text-align: justify;">Within a 6 to 7 years’ period, the coconut palms which are presently in the campus will have to be progressively removed, because their pollen can contaminate the new rare traditional Fijian varieties to be conserved in the future. There is no need to remove these coconut palms at the beginning, because the Rotuma sweet husk palms will take 6-7 year to start to flower, and the design will be fully operational only when the sweet husk palm will start to produce pollen.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This proposal is derived from a scientific paper on the Polymotu concept presented at the 45th APCC COCOTECH Meeting, held 2nd - 6th July 2012, in Kochi, India:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bourdeix, R., Johnson, V., Saena Tuia, V. and Weise, S..2012. Three declinations of the Polymotu Concept: “Inland ex Situ”, “Ecotourism on Islands”, “Urban” and their possible applications in Brazil, Côte d’Ivoire, Indonesia, French Polynesia and Samoa (870KB). Paper presented at the 45th APCC COCOTECH Meeting, 2nd - 6th July 2012, Kochi, India.<br />
<br />
This "Polymotu inland" design was initially proposed to be developped <a href="http://polymotu.blogspot.fr/2014/06/a-proposal-for-integrating-conservation.html" target="_blank">in the Suva campus of the University of South Pacific (USP)</a> but due to a lack of commitment of USP, it was shifted by CIDP to Fiji National University.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKadi-I5dy7uP9Iyx8-zA5bLNsNbcVla-bA6mQcPUlBHHjI0i2OGC0rIP8FnOcDoVlTjECYBoBNNkTvRi69Npyu2P368zl93IDvjR6OG74annqsDpqo2YbRMfaLZMRUIqpk_qDszAczMc/s1600/USP+Suva+polymotu+inland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="1134" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKadi-I5dy7uP9Iyx8-zA5bLNsNbcVla-bA6mQcPUlBHHjI0i2OGC0rIP8FnOcDoVlTjECYBoBNNkTvRi69Npyu2P368zl93IDvjR6OG74annqsDpqo2YbRMfaLZMRUIqpk_qDszAczMc/s400/USP+Suva+polymotu+inland.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.8px;"><a href="http://polymotu.blogspot.fr/2014/06/a-proposal-for-integrating-conservation.html" target="_blank">A proposal for integrating Polymotu</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.8px;"><a href="http://polymotu.blogspot.fr/2014/06/a-proposal-for-integrating-conservation.html" target="_blank"> into the USP campus, Suva Fiji</a></span><br />
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-90496127317970059312019-09-01T16:24:00.000-07:002019-09-01T16:30:10.501-07:00Detailed terms of references<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">BACKGROUND</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">INFORMATION </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 66.55pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">1.1</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Partner country </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Pacific
members of the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 81.55pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">1.2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Contracting Authority </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Pacific
Community <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 81.55pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">1.3 Country background </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
ACP is a grouping of 79 African, Caribbean and Pacific states with which the EU
has a special relationship. 48 ACP countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa, 16 in
the Caribbean region and 15 in the Pacific. The Pacific states are: Cook
Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste,
Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Coconut
in the Pacific countries and societies is considered the ‘tree of life’. It is
a major element in the diets of local people and is vital for food security
health and economic reasons. The coconut industry also goes beyond that – in
that it is woven into the fabric of Pacific communities providing raw material
and a critical input for family and societal needs such as housing, transport,
ornaments, culture and other elements. In terms of livelihoods, Pacific
communities are largely rural based and coconut plays a very important economic
role, particularly in the more isolated rural communities, where formal
employment is scarce and where other alternative cash crops do not exist. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Coconut
is also important for environmental reasons. Where this crop is abundant as in
many coastal areas of the higher islands and atolls of the region, it provides
good soil protection against the erosion effect of high tides and a remarkable
degree of resilience in relation to tropical cyclones <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 99.95pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">1.4</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Current situation in the sector </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Commercially
oriented production of coconut for copra and coconut oil extraction started in
the colonial times when European settlers established plantations all
throughout the region from 1890 to 1930 (Great Depression). During this period
small holders also managed to add their own production to the plantation’s
exports of copra which for them presented high returns. After the 1960s the
price of coconut started declining together with other vegetable oils with its
image as a food commodity severely deteriorated, as significant competition
with other oil commodities such as soy oil appeared. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">As
a result, active management of plantations was neglected or abandoned and
investment in coconut rejuvenation was mostly brought to a halt. In most PICs
coconut production is today predominantly a small holder activity and coconut
stands are, in a large proportion, senile with production generally in decline.
In Fiji alone, out of the existing 6.8 million bearing palms, 70% are senile
(more than 100 years old). It is estimated that roughly 65% and 50% of existing
palms are senile in Kiribati<sup> </sup>and PNG respectively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Interest
in coconut and investment in plantations remains low in most cases and many
producers are turning their attention to other more high value agricultural
commodities with better potential for higher returns. At the same time, some
large estate owners have partially utilised their land for real estate
purposes, targeting foreign investors (Fiji and Vanuatu). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">However
new market opportunities have emerged in high value products from green coconut
and other parts of the plant (VCO, coconut water and coconut sugar). These are
becoming increasingly popular due to newly identified health benefits debunking
previous views which regarded coconut oil as an unhealthy edible oil due to its
saturated fat content that could cause heart disease. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">A
greater demand for these products may bring in parallel positive effects in
local economies and producers groups directly benefitting from higher whole nut
prices at lower production costs (when compared to copra sales). Using the
right technology and approach, producers, and in particular women groups, may
be able to have a stronger role in coconut related value chains or even
directly sell to the final consumer market. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Despite
the emerging opportunities and the fact that coconut is by far the most
important agriculture crop in the Pacific Islands, coconut production and
utilisation in the PICs is far from reaching its full potential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">This
general overview of the importance of coconut and the worrying contrast in
which the sector currently stands warrants greater investment by national
Governments in line with the APCC/SPC meeting recommendation, calling for
coconut to be included in national priority agendas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 139.95pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">1.5</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Related programmes and other donor
activities </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Pacific
Islands Private Sector Organisation (PIPSO) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is supporting PIPSO and
CTA to implement Leveraging the Development of Local Food Crops and Fisheries
Value Chains for Improved Nutrition and Sustainable Food Systems in the Pacific
programme. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
programme will leverage agri-value chains to improve local food supply, income
and nutrition outcomes, by building value-chain specific public-private partnerships
(Value Chain Coordination platforms) that are infused with strong Agricultural
Innovation components. The project was launched in August 2016 and initial
discussions have identified areas for collaboration is outlined in the
implementation plan including mapping SMEs who process coconut; processing
training; business plan development and co-hosting or regional workshops. Ongoing discussion will ensure there is no
duplication in value chain road map/platforms developed by each project and
that if PIPSO/CTA does work in the coconut sector that the activities are
complementary or possibly co implemented.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Pacific
Horticultural Market Access Project (PHAMA) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">PHAMA
is an Australian Government initiative, co-funded by the New Zealand
Government, it provides practical and targeted assistance to help Pacific
island countries manage regulatory aspects associated with exporting primary
and value added products. This encompasses gaining access for products into new
markets, and helping to manage issues associated with maintaining and in
proving existing trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Central
to the PHAMA approach is the development of strong public — private
partnerships between governments. Market Access Working Groups (MAWGs) have
been established by PHAMA with in the core PHAMA countries. These include
private sector representatives (e.g. exporters and producer groups) and
relevant government agencies responsible for elements of market access (e. g
Departments of Quarantine, Trade, Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry). MAWGs provide
the link between farmers, industry and government. PHAMA is now also supporting
the development of industry based working groups and has assisted Coconut
Industry Working Groups (CIWG) in Solomon Islands and PNG. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">PHAMA
has also undertaken value chain study for Coconut in Solomon Islands, they have
collaborated with PTI in a market opportunity study for coconut products into
China and are currently engaged in a value chain study for high value coconut
products in PNG. These studies will provide valuable insights for the rest of
the region and will be resource material for CIDP. It will be important to
maintain communications with PHAMA to avoid duplication of efforts and identify
possible collaborations. For example, if coco veneer is selected for value
chain road mapping PHAMA has an interest in supporting this area. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Working
with the CIWG’s will support CIDPs linkages with the private sector in these
larger islands and also provide technical expertise to the Regional Working
group for value chain road map development.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">OBJECTIVE,</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">PURPOSE</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">&</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">EXPECTED</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">RESULTS
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 68.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">2.1</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Overall objective </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
overall objective of the project of which this contract will be a part is as
follows: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
purpose of the CIDP Project is to improve the competitiveness of small producers
engaged in the coconut value chains, through a strengthened regional
integration of related markets and the intensification of production ultimately
giving new life to this important industry. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 47.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">2.2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Purpose </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
purpose of this contract is as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">To
promote rejuvenation and replanting of senile coconut plantations using local
coconut varieties by training extension, research staffs and farmers on mother
palm selections, nursery management and support for establishment of pilot
nurseries. This will be carried out back to back with the promotion of farming
systems (including agro-forestry) technologies as a means of optimising land
use, enhance multi-cropping in contrast to mono-cropping and improving livelihood
opportunities for farming households including rural women. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">2.3 Results to be achieved by the Contractor </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">A
training package covering, for organic and conventional systems <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Mother palm
selections, nursery management and establishments of nurseries <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Farming
systems (including agro-forestry) technologies as a means of optimising land
use, enhance multi-cropping <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Implement
a regional train the trainers workshop (logistics for workshop provided by SPC
outside of this contract) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Design
and implement public private seed supply systems in 7 PICs (selected in
conjunction with SPC, materials/inputs provided outside of this contract) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">ASSUMPTIONS</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">&</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">RISKS </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 112.9pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">3.1</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Assumptions underlying the project </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Small
holders, farmers groups and small entities involved in coconut production and
processing show motivation and engage in technical training on coconut
production intensification, postharvest diversification and marketing<b>.</b>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 41.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">3.2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Risks </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Low
engagement and adoption of new technologies/training; low ownership of the
project; lack of sustainability. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">SCOPE</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">OF</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">THE</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">WORK </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 47.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.1</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">General </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.1.1.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Project description <o:p></o:p></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
logic for this Action is that it will ultimately lead to a stronger capacity
for the coconut industry to systematically address active replanting of
coconuts in the region and also practical demonstrative cases of new value
added products and services from the region.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Firstly,
sector competitiveness will be reinforced through investment in appropriate
technology in value added processing and in the intensification of coconut
plantation productivity. This will ensure that the sector responds to market
forces and also effectively tackles gaps currently constituting major
constraints for the coconut sector development, with a special attention to the
ageing of existing plantations and the need to urgently undertake coconut
rejuvenation. The project needs to assess existing success stories (and
failures) within the region and also existing information related to available
adequate and affordable technologies and most promising market opportunities
(local and export). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> The project must put a strong emphasis on
training and awareness. This will work as the motivating key for smallholder
coconut producers and other stakeholders to gain technical capacity and be
empowered to effectively decide and choose the options that may work best for
them to engage in improving the existing “modus operandi” of coconut production
and the subsequent modernisation of coconut agro-industrial activities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> In addition, the project will also assess
existing risks for the coconut sector in the Pacific region and help producers
and processors better deal with them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> This project will offer solutions to financing
and technically supporting new pilot projects in the coconut sector (and
specifically projects that address diversification and add value to coconut and
simultaneously stimulate rejuvenation of palms), in order to bring investment
intentions into reality. This will be achieved by working in close collaboration
with local and regional financial institutions and other relevant private
entities with enough capacity to manage loans. In addition, all investments
will be preceded and backed up by sound business plans with a well-grounded
market approach. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Furthermore
and alongside with production, the project will also assist business
development by actively supporting traders who are already involved in coconut
value chains, to find new markets and to promote coconut products in fairs and
relevant sector events, that may serve as potential marketing bridges for the
Pacific region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
project will also emphasize networking between PICs and stakeholders and in
particular to try and make use of best locally available resources and
information (such as on markets, research and development and existing gene
banks, etc...). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Finally,
CIDP will have a strong advocacy role, working closely with regional
institutions involved in decision making and national Governments, advising on
best optional routes for developing the coconut sector in accordance with each
country’s specific needs and constraints and also aiming at trying to unite
regional efforts around common problems which, in a large extent, have similar
solutions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">This
project is therefore supported by three basic pillars. Intensification of
on-farm coconut production, market driven technological diversification and the
increase of regional synergies and collaboration reflected in more coherent
national strategies on how the coconut sector should move forward. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.1.2.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Geographical area to
be covered <o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Pacific
ACPs: Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall
Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor
Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt -0.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.1.3.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Target
groups </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Extension
and research staff, farmers, coconut processors and related private
sector. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 60.55pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Specific work </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Draft an
Inception Report detailing the methodology to be used to undertake the
contract. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In a
participatory manner develop a training package tailored to the Pacific islands
and covering organic and conventional systems that includes: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Participatory
mother palm selection, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Establishment
and nursery management including </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">coconut hybrid
production</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Replanting/regeneration of existing stands</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Coconut based
farming systems (including agro-forestry) as a means of optimising land use for
atoll and non-atoll countries <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Management of
common pests and diseases. C.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Trial/test training package before
finalisation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Utilising the
training package implement a regional train the trainers workshop (logistics
for workshop provided by SPC outside of this contract). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Undertake a
desk review of existing coconut seed supply system models including in South
East Asia and identify possible models for the Pacific. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Design and
implement public private seed supply systems in 7 PICs (implementing partners
selected in conjunction with SPC, materials/inputs provided outside of this
contract) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->G.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Comply with
the latest Communication and Visibility Manual for EU External Action (see <span style="color: blue;">https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication</span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">-</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">and</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">-</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">visibility</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">-</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">manual</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">-</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">eu</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">-</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">external</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: blue;">actions_en</span></a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/funding/communication-and-visibility-manual-eu-external-actions_en"><span style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">.</span></a> for
any visibility actions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 81.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.3</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> Project management </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt -0.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.3.1 Responsible body </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Land
Resources Division of the Pacific Community will be responsible for managing
the contract. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 90.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.3.2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Management
structure <o:p></o:p></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
CIDP Team Leader and Finance and Procurement Officer/Dep Team Leader (the
Coordination Team) will implement the project and shall report, for daily
management purposes, to the Acting Deputy Director, Sairusi Bulai of the SPC
Land Resources Division (LRD). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">At
a strategic and policy level the project shall be guided by the Project
Steering Committee with significant institutional support from the LRD,
stakeholders and specialist technical assistance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt -0.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">4.3.3</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Facilities
to be provided by the Contracting Authority and/or other parties </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">NA
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 107.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">5</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">LOGISTICS</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">AND</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">TIMING
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">5.1
Location </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
operational base for the project is Suva Fiji. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">5.2
Start date & period of implementation </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
intended start date is 11 September, <b><u>the number of person’s days for the contract is 60</u></b>
and the period of implementation of the contract will be 12 months from this
date. Please see Articles 19.1 and 19.2 of the Special Conditions for the
actual start date and period of implementation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 81.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">REQUIREMENTS </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 39.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.1</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Staff </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Note
that civil servants and other staff of the public administration, of the
partner country or of international/regional organisations based in the
country,</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">shall only be approved
to work as experts if well justified. The justification should be submitted
with the tender and shall include information on the added value the expert
will bring as well as proof that the expert is seconded or on personal leave. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.1.1</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Key experts <o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Key
experts have a crucial role in implementing the contract. These terms of
reference contain the required key expert’s profile. The tenderer shall submit
CVs and Statements of Exclusivity and Availability for the following key
experts: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 18.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">A.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Team
Leader. </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 60.2pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Key expert
1: Team Leader, Coconut production/agronomy expert </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-weight: normal;">Qualifications and
skills </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Degree
qualification in agriculture or related field and at least 5 years’ experience
in the tropical production systems <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">General
professional experience <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">At
least 5 years experience in working with farmers and extension providers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Specific
professional experience <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">At
least 5 years experience in coconut agronomy/coconut production systems <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Experience
with Pacific island farming systems <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">All
experts must be independent and free from conflicts of interest in the
responsibilities they take on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt -0.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.1.2</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Non-key
experts </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
profile of the non-key expert for this contract is as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Non Key
expert 1; Training materials development <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Qualifications
and skills <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Qualification
in education or training of trainers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">General
professional experience <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">At
least 5 years experience in training trainers and/or developing training
materials and communications materials <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Specific
professional experience <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">At
least 3 years of experience in development of training and communication
materials in the field of agriculture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">CVs
for non-key experts should not be submitted in the tender but the tenderer will
have to demonstrate in their offer that they have access to experts with the
required profiles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
Contractor must select and hire other experts as required according to the
profiles identified in the Organisation & Methodology and/or these Terms of
Reference. It must clearly indicate the experts’ profile so that the applicable
daily fee rate in the budget breakdown is clear. All experts must be
independent and free from conflicts of interest in the responsibilities they
take on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
selection procedures used by the Contractor to select these other experts must
be transparent, and must be based on pre-defined criteria, including
professional qualifications, language skills and work experience. The findings
of the selection panel must be recorded. The selected experts must be subject
to approval by the Contracting Authority before the start of their
implementation of tasks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.1.3</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Support staff &
backstopping <o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
Contractor will provide support facilities to their team of experts (backstopping)
during the implementation of the contract.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Backstopping
and support staff costs must be included in the fee rates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 81.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Office accommodation </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Office
accommodation of a reasonable standard and of approximately 10 square metres
for each expert working on the contract is to be provided by the Contractor:
The costs of the office accommodation are to be covered by the fee rates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 128.85pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.3</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Facilities to be provided by the Contractor
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
Contractor must ensure that experts are adequately supported and equipped. In
particular it must ensure that there is sufficient administrative, secretarial
and interpreting provision to enable experts to concentrate on their primary
responsibilities. It must also transfer funds as necessary to support their
work under the contract and to ensure that its employees are paid regularly and
in a timely fashion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 54.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.4</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Equipment </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">No</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> equipment is to be purchased on behalf of
the Contracting Authority / partner country as part of this service contract or
transferred to the Contracting Authority / partner country at the end of this
contract. Any equipment related to this contract that is to be acquired by the
partner country must be purchased by means of a separate supply tender
procedure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 81.85pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.5</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Incidental expenditure </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
provision for incidental expenditure covers ancillary and exceptional eligible
expenditure incurred under this contract. It cannot be used for costs that
should be covered by the Contractor as part of its fee rates, as defined above.
Its use is governed by the provisions in the General Conditions and the notes
in Annex V to the Contract. It covers: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 13.4pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI Symbol"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe UI Symbol";"></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Travel costs and subsistence allowances for
missions, outside the normal place of posting, undertaken as part of this
contract. If applicable, indicate whether the provision includes costs for
environmental measures, for example C0<sub>2</sub> offsetting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
provision for incidental expenditure for this contract is EUR 8,000. This
amount must be included unchanged in the Budget breakdown (Annex V). The
incidental expenditure allocation will be under SPC’s custody and shall be
released or utilised only upon approval.
<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 56.1pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.6</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Lump sums </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Activities
paid under lump sum in this contract are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Completion
of Inception report <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Development
of Training Package for Organic and Conventional Systems <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Implementation
of Train the Trainers Workshop <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Implementation
of 7 Seed Sytems <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 86.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">6.7</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Expenditure verification </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
provision for expenditure verification covers the fees of the auditor charged
with verifying the expenditure of this contract in order to proceed with the
payment of any pre-financing instalments and/or interim payments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
provision for expenditure verification for this contract is EUR 1,000. This amount
must be included unchanged in the Budget breakdown. For this contract, the allocated amount for
expenditure verification will be under SPC’s custody. The responsibility to lead expenditure
verification will be SPC’s.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">This
provision cannot be decreased but can be increased during execution of the
contract. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 56.95pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">7</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">REPORTS </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 85.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">7.1</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Reporting requirements </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Please
see Article 26 of the General Conditions. Interim reports must be prepared
every six months during the period of implementation of the tasks. They must be
provided along with the corresponding invoice, the financial report and an
expenditure verification report defined in Article 28 of the General
Conditions. There must be a final report, a final invoice and the financial
report accompanied by an expenditure verification report at the end of the
period of implementation of the tasks. The draft final report must be submitted
at least one month before the end of the period of implementation of the tasks.
Note that these interim and final reports are additional to any required in
Section 4.2 of these Terms of Reference. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Each
report must consist of a narrative section and a financial section. The
financial section must contain details of the time inputs of the experts,
incidental expenditure and expenditure verification. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">To
summarise, in addition to any documents, reports and output specified under the
duties and responsibilities of each key expert above, the Contractor shall
provide the following reports: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="TableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 5.75pt 0cm 5.75pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 1.0pt 5.75pt 0cm 5.75pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .1pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Name of report </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 1.0pt 5.75pt 0cm 5.75pt; width: 150.25pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Content </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 1.0pt 5.75pt 0cm 5.75pt; width: 150.15pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .05pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Time of submission </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Inception
Report <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Analysis of
existing situation and work plan for the project <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.15pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">No later than 1
month after the start of implementation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 58.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 58.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Draft Final
Report <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 58.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Short
description of achievements including problems encountered and
recommendations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 58.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.15pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">No later than 1
month before the end of the implementation period. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 97.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 97.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Final Report <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 97.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Short
description of achievements including problems encountered and
recommendations; a final invoice and the financial report accompanied by the
expenditure verification report. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 97.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .7pt 3.75pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.15pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3pt 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Within 1 month
of receiving comments on the draft final report from the Project Manager
identified in the contract. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 108.55pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">7.2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Submission & approval of reports </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">One
copy of the reports referred to above must be submitted to the Project Manager
identified in the contract. The reports must be written in English. The Project
Manager is responsible for approving the reports. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 135.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">8</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">MONITORING</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">AND</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">EVALUATION
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 83.15pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">8.1</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Definition of indicators </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Approved
inception report <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Approved
training package <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Completed
train the trainers workshop <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">7 seed
production systems implemented <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Approved
final report <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Timelines
adhered too. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: center 78.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">8.2</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Special requirements </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -.25pt; margin-right: .15pt; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">None
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 16.35pt; margin-right: 15.35pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">* * * <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-76524172424660221432018-04-12T12:15:00.000-07:002018-07-15T23:23:32.974-07:00Compact Red and Yellow Dwarfs from the Cook Islands<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i>By V. Mataora and R. Bourdeix, in construction</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Three varieties of Compact Red Dwarf were found in the Cook Islands by R. Bourdeix and V. Mataora in 2018. It seems there is at least another one, but it was much more difficult to classify, so we did not include it in the illustrations (stem looking like a Compact Dwarf, but leaves looking as the Papua Dwarfs). These three varieties have all the strong characteristics of both thick stem and wide leaflets found in Compact Dwarfs. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpxwShYjSk64Hb0d4ZlRRNpFYpmPXlKnCg4RXEcNaTEVa_qwUOWIOP0XJ-sGLtUg6Ik1pVowQRZDcBLGL2LmMfrccIbaJ0jXeEKblTjKfL5J4Yjk2ERny-cPeHONUHso_9DwgEu-LT9ww/s1600/Compact+Red+Dwarf+1+cook+B+ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1165" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpxwShYjSk64Hb0d4ZlRRNpFYpmPXlKnCg4RXEcNaTEVa_qwUOWIOP0XJ-sGLtUg6Ik1pVowQRZDcBLGL2LmMfrccIbaJ0jXeEKblTjKfL5J4Yjk2ERny-cPeHONUHso_9DwgEu-LT9ww/s640/Compact+Red+Dwarf+1+cook+B+ws.JPG" width="464" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Compact Red Dwarf, first variety found in Cook Islands<br />
Fruits with small distal nipple </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
o<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjE8EKoe3m1EMiB8c6INHqRMM_fyErme7LqX-KuVWVWM_fSDVIbveUns5FP3lxzfp3BQp00OU0R8Rhxr9ijCmxdKV4sBGo0xYw3f1romYMwhJxcRosJQQ2c_ZU1xtjWBsXP2sGOMh_7Gw/s1600/Compact+red+Dwarf+3+B2+ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="954" data-original-width="1600" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjE8EKoe3m1EMiB8c6INHqRMM_fyErme7LqX-KuVWVWM_fSDVIbveUns5FP3lxzfp3BQp00OU0R8Rhxr9ijCmxdKV4sBGo0xYw3f1romYMwhJxcRosJQQ2c_ZU1xtjWBsXP2sGOMh_7Gw/s400/Compact+red+Dwarf+3+B2+ws.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Compact Red Dwarf, second variety found in Cook Islands<br />
rounder fruits with with a re-entrant end</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN6okf1NT9pRvqaBeUywbD8Uic4G_TGsppagJBSsn2CyityWpdvpZNJwET3tExgD5n4XpqUtstcuYP1P9YYCvLU_J1XXX2wta7GghkKjqVHNSCTBA5cGvlPHt4Pt30gN5zuUGiEn4ydCc/s1600/Compact+red+Dwarf+2+B+ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1111" data-original-width="1600" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN6okf1NT9pRvqaBeUywbD8Uic4G_TGsppagJBSsn2CyityWpdvpZNJwET3tExgD5n4XpqUtstcuYP1P9YYCvLU_J1XXX2wta7GghkKjqVHNSCTBA5cGvlPHt4Pt30gN5zuUGiEn4ydCc/s400/Compact+red+Dwarf+2+B+ws.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Compact Red Dwarf, Third variety found in Cook Island<br />
Fruits with huge distal nipples</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVe8uK17C8VDWt_WpruH9qAMLY7rM18CvPre_-D4cMd8xK7WvWyI0SEE7Soi0LITD5cO5Vv1J78m5b4gkdzy1Y_Np-PxNGAXGk9GuhIDCn3ZolCvcuxE50a4zRokt-n34EIy_DGe7y44o/s1600/Compact+red+Dwarf+3+F2+ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="1600" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVe8uK17C8VDWt_WpruH9qAMLY7rM18CvPre_-D4cMd8xK7WvWyI0SEE7Soi0LITD5cO5Vv1J78m5b4gkdzy1Y_Np-PxNGAXGk9GuhIDCn3ZolCvcuxE50a4zRokt-n34EIy_DGe7y44o/s400/Compact+red+Dwarf+3+F2+ws.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Compact Red Dwarf, Third variety found in Cook Islands<br />
Fruits with huge distal nipples</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1173" data-original-width="1600" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN4i-fYRldyTuEP-2kZNeBhjyV6hoOb408_9Hkkd7q1TkjlPanbUzDwUb2cXSnA4hgAba33hMlwrDkrBYrdg2mi1Omyo2lf0K61evcYROvf0M6qIUZs-A_6TQ0z9Ca59E1VjUxGGu3CnA/s400/Compact+Yellow+Dwarf+1+cook+ws.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Compact Yellow Dwarf Found in Cook Islands. <br />
It seems that this variety also exist in Fiji.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN4i-fYRldyTuEP-2kZNeBhjyV6hoOb408_9Hkkd7q1TkjlPanbUzDwUb2cXSnA4hgAba33hMlwrDkrBYrdg2mi1Omyo2lf0K61evcYROvf0M6qIUZs-A_6TQ0z9Ca59E1VjUxGGu3CnA/s1600/Compact+Yellow+Dwarf+1+cook+ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-26958182700686904182018-04-11T21:00:00.004-07:002022-04-10T02:19:36.776-07:00Surprising lessons from the late "Seven in one" coconut palm from Cook Islands<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<br />
In the center of Avarua, capital city of the Cook Islands, just to the
east of the traffic circle was a group of <b>seven tall coconut trees growing in
circle</b>. Tradition has it that they were from only one tree! These seven palms were finally cut in 2015, at the age of 118 years. But their recent study, conducted after palm's death by R. Bourdeix and V. Mataora, provided interesting and surprising information, that could be <b>useful for assessing <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/09/piquetage-des-cocoteraies.html" target="_blank">new planting devices for the coconut palm</a></b>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2003, research conducted by <a href="http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/showarticle.asp?id=9" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Gerald McCormack</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> found </span>three oral traditions, but no early written records. The first tradition links the planting to a criminal trial of June 1911. The second tradition has the unusual coconut obtained by Captain Harries from an outer island – the Captain died in 1918. The third tradition has Henry (Aporo) Williams, Howard Greig and Hagai Paninga assisting on a schooner, said to be Thompson’s, and they brought the 7-sprout coconut from Manuae.</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In November 2005, <a href="http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/showarticle.asp?id=9">Gerald McCormack</a> happened upon a 1960 article by Miss E. Grant that presents the story of the 7-palms on Rarotonga, as told by Senior Sergeant Nia Rua who was present at the planting. In 1906 and 1907 Howard Greig, Survey cadet, was in charge of gangs planting Conconut Palms on Takūtea. He found a nut with seven shoots and brought it back to Rarotonga in September 1907. The Resident Commissioner, Colonel Gudgeon was so impressed that he had it planted in front of the Administration offices in the presence of all the students of Tereora College, including Nia Rua. <b>So the Seven in One was planted in 1907 or 1908.</b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOnYcYk0sjb3BvNpFN6P3621uznNGlkiAe-6An1nESXM6jYpzPTcTsCzZYpczlyMSFzC-RILNOBsHMULWIeayznwiXeD57xkCb2XQuUWlchAg7elm8hmVm1XxbmWpLBBsLdqF5RH1giiE/s1600/COKT01-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="855" data-original-width="570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOnYcYk0sjb3BvNpFN6P3621uznNGlkiAe-6An1nESXM6jYpzPTcTsCzZYpczlyMSFzC-RILNOBsHMULWIeayznwiXeD57xkCb2XQuUWlchAg7elm8hmVm1XxbmWpLBBsLdqF5RH1giiE/s1600/COKT01-1.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The late "Seven in one" coconut palm, <br />photographed in 2000 at the putative age of 93 years</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ476cUaJLvPhZhfLHh7XAdkwHkdnxZ1dcwGOty0nMGaeVuSI_2y41aDjiP-__LY4q3xbqV3wsVpxnVqlESpLzBQD416reXRaf2UrAMbeWmhI6G7En1bLddaE1J2BLnPJ7C8K-utPvViE/s1600/A009z_Coco-nuci_RR-7in1_c1920_MX.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ476cUaJLvPhZhfLHh7XAdkwHkdnxZ1dcwGOty0nMGaeVuSI_2y41aDjiP-__LY4q3xbqV3wsVpxnVqlESpLzBQD416reXRaf2UrAMbeWmhI6G7En1bLddaE1J2BLnPJ7C8K-utPvViE/s400/A009z_Coco-nuci_RR-7in1_c1920_MX.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
An early photograph, reproduced here, shows the seven palms </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
when Platts was the Resident Commissioner, between 1916 and 1920.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
According to Gerald McCormack,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
the height of the trucks and the number of leaf scars</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
indicate that the palms were five to ten years old,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
which means they were planted sometime between 1905 and 1915.</span></div>
<b></b><br /><div>This picture demonstrate that the stems of the palms were originally jointed, emerging from the same place. In 2018, the distance between the centers of the top of neighboring palms was evaluated by using a 2014 satellite <span style="text-align: justify;">image. </span><b style="text-align: justify;">This distance ranged from 7.1 to 14.0 m, with an average value of 9.7 meters</b><span style="text-align: justify;">. This is the value for palms aged 107 years. Some other measurements tends to show that the palms grow away from each other fairly quickly, </span><b style="text-align: justify;">separating from a distance of 6 to 7 meters after 15 to 20 years. </b><span style="text-align: justify;">Then they grow slowly and more vertically.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>But the <span style="font-size: large;">most surprising</span> was to observed what happened at the base of the stems. </b>The seven bases where remaining, so it was possible to calculate the distance between the palm stems at ground level. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8qXcjQ3AeRbyqwYwirD3kVu4iVNeq0bPeoPhTK_7jzQSHxIkx_rWxF3BFUtl25JpQDArPklCwFok-t1zvnJpk3HYUEqRzs3eScunOC0GwXvC-jeqxI-uk5T-z9jnxIUPb2GG0AEQFzU/s1600/3-+Seven+2014-best.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1454" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8qXcjQ3AeRbyqwYwirD3kVu4iVNeq0bPeoPhTK_7jzQSHxIkx_rWxF3BFUtl25JpQDArPklCwFok-t1zvnJpk3HYUEqRzs3eScunOC0GwXvC-jeqxI-uk5T-z9jnxIUPb2GG0AEQFzU/s400/3-+Seven+2014-best.jpg" width="362" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Representation of the late "Seven in One" coconut palm.<br />
Yellow rounds indicate the location of each palm crown<br />
according to the 2014 satellite image (Google Earth), so at the age of 107 years.<br />
Black numbers were attributed to each palm during the 2000 visit of the expert.<br />
Green numbers indicate the estimated distance (m) between the centers of the crowns<br />
Orange numbers indicates the distance (m) between the centers <br />
of remaining stems at ground level in 2018.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLLFoyux0eBserHrBKcv4mUL27VK9GFnfELXWIeGJG0cqTwymLmmvqgSTQeIFde61Ykj86ePjlQIpCVfEnOZheE_9uMxEWY_LNBRDhQBpJ8eZ-wN7IP5ia1PkpKhnNsoSBr3RbnrSbRkU/s1600/Base+7+in+1+ws.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="1600" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLLFoyux0eBserHrBKcv4mUL27VK9GFnfELXWIeGJG0cqTwymLmmvqgSTQeIFde61Ykj86ePjlQIpCVfEnOZheE_9uMxEWY_LNBRDhQBpJ8eZ-wN7IP5ia1PkpKhnNsoSBr3RbnrSbRkU/s400/Base+7+in+1+ws.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">View of the bases of the stems <br />
of two of the Seven-in-one palm as of 2018<br />
It can be seen in the first picture taken in 2000<br />
that the stems were already distant,<br />
but the expert did not pay attention to this detail at this time </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Are coconut palms walking?</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Our measurements showed that the average distance between stems at ground level presently ranges from 1.24 to 2.01 m. All the seven sprouts emerged from the same coconut. The old pictures up clearly shows that the stems of the palms were originally well connected. So why, after more than one hundred years, these stems appear separated by an average 1.64 m distance? As far as we know, coconut palms do not walk to get away from each other. Thus this strange observation conducted us to <b>formulate two hypothesis</b>:</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The soil was elevated, during the living palm period, by bringing soil or sand in large quantities, in order to raise an elevation of the ground level of at least 50 cm. There is no historical evidence that such a work was done.</li>
<li>Due to the heavy weight of the Seven palms planted in a narrow space, and remaining during more than a century, the whole stems and root systems and have progressively sunk 50 cm to 1 m into the ground. In the absence of historical data proving
that the human action elevated the soil, this second hypothesis seems the most
rationale.</li>
</ol>
</div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<td style="background: rgb(247, 202, 172); border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.5pt;" valign="top" width="566"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><b>Whatever happen, it resulted in a kind of
six-branched star with a central axis, made of seven coconut stems and buried under
about 50 to 80 cm of soil. Coconut stem keeps the skill to emit roots when in
contact with wet soil. From all parts of this “six-branched star”, roots have
grown and mixed in all directions. This unusual and powerful rooting system
explains both the longevity and the high fruit productivity of the
seven-in-one coconut palms (105 seednuts collected in a single harvest at the
age of 93 years). It could be useful to try to reproduce same kind of stem organization
when testing new planting devices based on palm grouping.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Therefore, the Seven-in-one story suggest
that, in such planting devices, the coconut palms from the same group could be
planted at a lower distance than 2 m, which is the spacing presently
recommended in the online video explaining GPH3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH1jg1ksrPZIYxi3OiHTNYBciiGEIfcsMN5qtaM0nxldGvsRXYIWmUP_NRrmAHSplixjPHqv9rC5nO2zCg9suzIldLFCjGF1WN2GjON_t1gYnEq7yJMDn70jX-GstGdQJaerNbFiOtfJ4/s1600/COKT01-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH1jg1ksrPZIYxi3OiHTNYBciiGEIfcsMN5qtaM0nxldGvsRXYIWmUP_NRrmAHSplixjPHqv9rC5nO2zCg9suzIldLFCjGF1WN2GjON_t1gYnEq7yJMDn70jX-GstGdQJaerNbFiOtfJ4/s1600/COKT01-2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fruits of the "Seven in one" coconut palm in 2000</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvNimAFoiWezMgQLJbgc92qH02tUYg6c1uUwP9ygqUUwpCMK9tDkkokRfr3pvr0vkF3MwTj1zNPnuoGZuUaMNUh8HUxQqxbhS4n0uLBkKwiM12gPHEjcgRiD0EYbSuR501zXBzJ9-LlMk/s1600/COKT01-+Tele.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="663" data-original-width="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvNimAFoiWezMgQLJbgc92qH02tUYg6c1uUwP9ygqUUwpCMK9tDkkokRfr3pvr0vkF3MwTj1zNPnuoGZuUaMNUh8HUxQqxbhS4n0uLBkKwiM12gPHEjcgRiD0EYbSuR501zXBzJ9-LlMk/s1600/COKT01-+Tele.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">In 2000, Piri Puruto III, the
great coconut climber of Rarotonga, <br />
accepted to climb the seven-in-one coconut
palms for harvesting seednuts,<br />
and the local TV recorded the show </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Y2M5n-rDytf-iz_UEy32bdS8qUlx8WchK7VUjcpAm5IfyBbmYzGT6duqME6-FLT5uECkZn7DhBjUk-WzPWmUZR2vbIzfPK5kXzOfX4htYhJdbcexfBzulKL3AlMlsgDNU4_3Ge-73PY/s1600/COKT01-+Olsd+stem.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1048" data-original-width="507" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Y2M5n-rDytf-iz_UEy32bdS8qUlx8WchK7VUjcpAm5IfyBbmYzGT6duqME6-FLT5uECkZn7DhBjUk-WzPWmUZR2vbIzfPK5kXzOfX4htYhJdbcexfBzulKL3AlMlsgDNU4_3Ge-73PY/s1600/COKT01-+Olsd+stem.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">These certified-age palms have taught us to recognize the appearance<br />of the trunk of a century-old coconut tree.</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>Section DPP-COOK, By R. Bourdeix and V. Mataora, April 2018.</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-68743916899208682702018-04-09T23:00:00.004-07:002022-09-06T00:50:07.446-07:00A new Inventory of coconut varieties and forms in the Cook Islands<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="Normal11pt">
<span lang="EN-GB"><i>By R. Bourdeix, V. Mataora and M. Purea</i></span></div>
<div class="Normal11pt">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Normal11pt">
<span lang="EN-GB">This new 2018 inventory is based of several documents:</span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The 2000 report of the project: . This document contains a list of varieties names recorded in Aitutaki during a participatory appraisal survey, and a list of varieties that were sampled for coconut embryos/ These embryos were sent to SPC Fiji lab for in vitro culture and supposed to be grown in the International Coconut Collection for the Pacific Region, located in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Unfortunately, all the embryos died during the field transfer process, but data is still remaining.</li>
<li>The document published by M. Purea in 2017</li>
<li>The previous documents from Tiara Mataora, an agricultural officer who worked with the expert in 2000 and passed the way</li>
<li>The personal observations made by the expert and Victor Mataora, agricultural officer and nephew of Tiara.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div align="center" class="Normal11pt" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">Inventory of the coconut
varieties and forms<br />
available in the Cook Islands as of April 2018<br />
R. Bourdeix and V. Mataora</span></b></div><div align="center" class="Normal11pt" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></div><div align="center" class="Normal11pt" style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div align="center" class="Normal11pt" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">Local names of varieties<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">International or scientific names<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">Comments<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Niu Uri (Green), <br />
Niu Kura (Brown)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Cook Island Tall (COKT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Cook Island Tall Papaaroa (COKT03)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Normal11pt">
<span lang="EN-GB">Cook Island Tall Vivi (COKT04)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Normal11pt">
<span lang="EN-GB">Cook Island Tall Golf (COKT05)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
R. Bourdeix et al., 2000. Local Tall as named in Aitutaki Island.
International names and abbreviation were given to populations when sampling
embryos for the international collection of Papua new Guinea. Populations 3
from Rarotonga, 4 and 5 from Aitutaki. Pop. 4 at centre of the island,
volcanic soil. Pop. 5 on a coral soil sometimes flooded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nu Lakita, <br />
Nu Rakitakita. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">Cook Island
Tall Lakita ?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
M. Purea, 2017. Tall-type coconut with very large fruits, often known to come
from Atiu Island. Some are grown in Rarotonga, one at Nikao at Kena’s home. <i>Note from R.B: this type is often named
“Niu vai” by Polynesians from other countries</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nu Matukute<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Pink husk forms. <i>Cook Island Tall pink husk?</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
R. Bourdeix et al., 2000. Local Tall as named in Aitutaki Island. Called </span><span lang="EN-US">Red
eye Coconut (by men) and Red lips Coconut (by women). Used for medicinal
purposes. It is the unique case in which men and women from the same village
does not use the same name for the same variety. </span><span lang="EN-GB">Quite rare and needs to be preserved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nu Pia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Makapuno forms. <i>Cook Island Tall Makapuno?</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
M. Purea, 2017 and Tiara Mataora. Tall and Dwarf forms. Waxy or streachy
appearance of the kernel that almost fill the cavity area normally occupied
by the water. Beautiful taste; Similar to a very fine and smoothy scrapped
younf coconut coconut flesh. <i>Note from
RB: Tuamotu islanders us the same name “pia”. Makapuno type. A special form
with thick soft kernel, very appreciated in the Philippines –people are not
using it a lot in Cook. Dwarf forms are very rare and need to be preserved.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">5<br />
6<br />
7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nu Papua, Niu Kini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Papua red and yellow Dwarfs, Tahitian
Red Dwarf (TRD)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
M. Purea, 2017. Semi-Dwarfs. They are several types, with young fruit colors
yellow, red or orange, or green. Medium to small fruit size. <i>Note from RB: They are real well known
Dwarf palms from Papua, if the growth is more than Dwarf, this is another
variety or a varietal mix. In Aitutaki, people are considering that the
Malayan Red Dwarf and the Papua Red Dwarf are the same variety, but they are different.
At least 3 varieties of Papua should be found in Cook.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nu Mangaro <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Sweet husk forms.<br />
Cook Island Tall Sweet Husk (COKT02)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
M. Purea, 2017. Tall and Dwarf types. There are few around and I got one type
in my Nikao Back-yard garden – Sweet and jucy husk. <i>Note from RB: sweet husk coconut, precious disappearing variety, the
Dwarf forms are the rarest, they should be identified and duplicated. A
Tall-type from Aitutaki is planted in Atiu village.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nu Kalepa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Spicata forms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
M. Purea, 2017. Tall and sometimes, Dwarf varieties in which the fruits are
directly connected to the peduncle of the bunch (<i>roro</i>). <i>Note from RB:
spicata is not a local name but a scientific name. See the existing poster
about these varieties. The spicata dwarf are rare and needs to be preserved. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nu puru kaa<br />
Nu Kapu Ukulele<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">Cook Island
Tall Ukulele ?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
M. Purea, 2017, only picture description/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Niu Papua<br />
Niu Kini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Malayan Red Dwarf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
R. Bourdeix et al., 2000. Imported by the priests and often planted near churches,
for instance in Atiu island. Cook islanders do not appreciate it for
drinking, but in many other countries, they are appreciated. In Aitutaki,
people are considering that the Malayan Red Dwarf and the Papua Red Dwarf are
the same variety, but they are different.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.25pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Unknown<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Malayan Yellow Dwarf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
R. Bourdeix et al., 2000. Only a few palms in Rarotonga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.25pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Niu Penenere<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Compact Green Dwarfs - Cook Island
Dwarf Totokoitu (COKD01)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
R. Bourdeix et al., 2000. At list two varieties, one with pointed, sometimes
heart shaped, medium to big fruits; another one with oblong bigger fruits. At
least one is used for medicinal purposes. They are presently invading the
Cook gardens. Said to be introduced to Cook around 1970-1980.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.25pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Niu Potopoto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Compact Brown Dwarfs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Normal11pt">
<span lang="EN-GB">Cook Island Dwarf Vaikoa (COKD02)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Note
from RB: at list two varieties, one with oblong, dark brown colored fruits,
anotrer with roundish and clearer brow green coloured fruits. They are
presently invading the Cook gardens. Said to be introduced to Cook around
1970-1980. Embryos were collected in the garden of the hotel Vaikoa units,
Aitutaki (Phone 682 31 145, fax 682 31145).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.25pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Niu
Potopoto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Compact
Red Dwarfs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Note
from RB: rare and precious variety that could be used to plant new kind of
seedgardens. When planted with another green variety, the seedgarden produces
Red dwarfs, the Green variety and brown hybrids, easily indentififiable at
nursery stage. Much rarer than Brown and Green compact Dwarfs. The story of
these Dwarfs remains uncertain. Probably more than one variety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.25pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Unknown<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Compact
yellow Dwarfs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Note
from RB: the rarest variety, but not as important as the red form, because
less suitable for seedgardens. If you plant this Yellow dwarf with a green
variety, you will not be able to make differences between the green variety
and hybrids for seednuts harvested on Green varieties. The story of these
Dwarfs remains uncertain. Probably more than one variety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.25pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Seven
in one<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Cook
Island Tall Seven-in-one (COKT01)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">From
R. Bourdeix et al., 2000. Extinct. Previously located where the building of
the Ministry of Justice is now. <span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="Normal11pt">
</div>
</div>
Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-10892027092039688632018-03-27T21:27:00.003-07:002020-01-07T10:28:17.096-08:00Cook Islands<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNlNSoj2h3tk4Be-XuuNuUYKaiHqvxTt2co0yk-2nJM7WIeEu7J38i0-C8lA7Sg4y2JmdDP_G15IA93HJR4khyQ-1JQpXwTtPkuWUo2M6mYBZHj7azjy1tcKedNv9wlrUjRyAFniGxvZw/s1600/map+of+Cook+Islands_sm99.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="351" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNlNSoj2h3tk4Be-XuuNuUYKaiHqvxTt2co0yk-2nJM7WIeEu7J38i0-C8lA7Sg4y2JmdDP_G15IA93HJR4khyQ-1JQpXwTtPkuWUo2M6mYBZHj7azjy1tcKedNv9wlrUjRyAFniGxvZw/s320/map+of+Cook+Islands_sm99.jpg" width="296" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Map of Cook islands<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Cook archipelago gathers 15 islands, of which two remains uninhabited, sprinkled on 2.25 million square km of the Pacific Ocean. All the islands combined make up an area of just 240 square km. the Cook Islands have a special economy, mainly based on tourism. More than 100,000 Cook islanders are now living abroad; part of them are sending money to their family and relatives remaining in Cook Islands, which are only 14,000. In 2017, about 140,000 tourists visited Cook Island. Because of this particular economical system, the remaining islanders often have a quite easy life and some of them became quite reluctant to hard tasks such as agricultural fields work. Fields workers started recently to come from Fiji, the Philippines and sometimes Indonesia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
There is presently limited coconut Industry in the Cook Islands. Farmers do not produce any more copra and do not export coconut products. All other agricultural exports have stopped except Noni Juice. Coconuts produced in the Cook serve for feeding animals, cooking and drinking nuts. In Rarotonga, tourists buy a tender nut 4 to 6 NZD. Due to the large number of tourists visiting the islands, prices of both accommodation and food reach a high level.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Some islanders are producing coconut oil mainly by the cooking and fermenting methods. They sell oil to the market or to gift shops. Some sell it at roadside stalls. Some entrepreneurial teenagers are even selling it on Facebook. According to Rachel Reeves, a group from Nukutere College called “Freshness Cook Island” debuted its products at a trade day featuring college students from four Island. Under the brand of of “Miracle oil”, they market three type of products: oil with miri, a fragrant herb; oil with pi, an herb with medicinal properties; and pure oil. Their maximum production was 76 bottles in a week. In the early 2000’s, when the outer island population dwindled rapidly, the local supply for Miracle oil decreased, and its export grew sporadically. In 2015, the Cook Foundation bought the Mauke island two electric graters in an effort to revitalize Miracle oil production. a full equipment including electric graters was also installed in Atiu Island, but is presently used only sporadically.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Past coconut Seed systems</h3>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDpAPQ16JAQ2tGiNY4bcdcvk7VoZUrBrbd4ASA_jwR5jINPEbHmuPKw7dhcRNXrEZiA6zUJLRh4uPhMhpOMuyVFrH2RjJLXQbsVinzP-lbSrHezQarr1HKy5TKqql2V2j6F3riacBC_r0/s1600/Img000027b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDpAPQ16JAQ2tGiNY4bcdcvk7VoZUrBrbd4ASA_jwR5jINPEbHmuPKw7dhcRNXrEZiA6zUJLRh4uPhMhpOMuyVFrH2RjJLXQbsVinzP-lbSrHezQarr1HKy5TKqql2V2j6F3riacBC_r0/s1600/Img000027b.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Compact Brown Dwarf variety<br />
and its owners,<br />
Aitutaki Island, 2000</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Officially, no coconut varieties have been introduced from abroad during the past 50 years. Nevertheless, both oral traditional and the inventory of existing varieties show that Cook people and coconut farmers did some introductions privately. Many varieties of different crops were introduced from PNG and other islands between 1930 and 1970. Some of these varieties have been recorded to be planted and grow in Manue Island.</span></div>
<span style="text-align: justify;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Malayan Red Dwarf is found is small quantity and was introduced by churches; so are Dwarfs introduced from Papua New Guinea (called Nu Papua). The question of Compact Dwarf remains open. Compact Dwarf and their intermediate forms are very present in Rarotonga, and also found both in Aitutaki and Atiu. We still do not know if they are traditional varieties or if they came from the crossing between the Malayan Red and the Niu leka, made in Fiji in 1926. Elders say that this kind of coconut was introduced no more than 30 to 40 years ago. From our last visit in 2000, Compact Dwarfs have invaded the landscapes. We estimate that more than 70% of the coconut planted in Rarotonga during the XXI century have genes from Compact Dwarfs. There are nice red-orange Compact Dwarf that could serve in seedgarden, to be planted together with a green variety (Tall or Dwarf) to produce both red Dwarfs, brown hybrids and Green Talls. No coconut hybrids were produced, released nor imported in the Cook Islands.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="text-align: justify;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;">
<div style="background-color: white; color: #01011f; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif;">
</div>
</div>
Present coconut Seed system</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div>
<br />
Each island have its autonomy for agricultural R&D, which is placed under the island administration. The Ministry of Agriculture have a small programme to replant yearly 500 coconut palms on a community basis, along the roads and in other public places. On outer islands, people can harvest free these palms when they need coconuts.</div>
<div>
On the two sides of the sandy road along the Atiu Island, more than one thousand coconut palms have been planted. Officers picked the seedlings growing naturally in the bush and replanted them along the road. The main agricultural problem of Atiu is wild pigs. Some of them have become enormous and dangerous. They sometimes attacks the people running motorbike by night. Atiu is the island in Cook where this problem is the most important. Wild pigs destroy many plantations and young coconuts. Groups of goats are not wild but they also destroy many small coconut palms.</div>
<div>
In Atiu, officers have just recently started collecting seednuts and growing them at the nursery. In April 2018, there was only 20 to 30 seedlings in the nursery. Selection of the parent palms is conducted on advices of ex agricultural staff, and personal observations and choices of the present officers. They favour big fruits with sweet tasty water.</div>
<div>
Seedlings are given free to farmers, who do not receive any incentive for replanting. There is no follow up of the planted coconut palms. In 2018, they are farmer databases existing for other crops, but no coconut.</div>
<div>
In Atiu, all the equipment for making virgin coconut oil is fully available, but women groups are using it very occasionally. When asking the reason, local officers reply “lack of coconuts”, but the expert does not believe this is the main reason. They are plenty of coconuts that are not harvested in Atiu. The main reason could be the cost and/or the lack of labor for the coconut to be picked, harvested and transported to the oil production site.<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E2EFD9; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 453.1pt;" valign="top" width="566"><div class="MsoNormal">
The expert would like to introduce the new concept of
<b>delocalized community-based coconut genebank</b>: Each coconut palm planted in a
public place should be from a variety perfectly identified; its identity and
its localisation (latitude and longitude, date of planting) should recorded
in a database available online. If the Ministry apply this advice, Cook will
probably have after ten years the largest coconut genebank in the world –
without devoting any dedicated land to this activity. This genebank will be directly
available to all citizen who can access information by the online database.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
In Rarotonga, land is scarce. Totokoitu was an agricultural centre, but landowners reclaim the land within the last 10 years and it is no more managed by the Ministry of Agriculture. Matavera serves as genebank for several crops (Bananas, yam, sweet potatoes) but no for coconut. Its total land area is 2 acres only. Troubles with landowners prevents to create another agricultural research centre in Rarotonga. For a coconut genebank, an area of at least 10 hectares is required, and this is impossible to secure such an area in Rarotonga. Thus, in the Cook islands, it seems almost impossible to create a classical coconut genebank because of land scarcity and land tenure questions.<br />
What was recently done in some islands – taking thousands of unidentified seedlings in the bush and plant them along the road – should never be done again. Regarding database management, It is advised to release information online only when the coconut palms will start to fruit; otherwise there is a risk for the seedlings to be stolen. Therefore, the database system should include the option to release or not the individual information on line.<br />
The table hereunder list the activities funded by the CIDP project according to expert advices and with agreement of relevant ministries and local stakeholders.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Table 1. Activities funded by the CIDP in Cook Islands </b><b style="text-align: justify;">for coconut production and seed system</b><br />
<b style="text-align: justify;"><br /></b></div>
<div>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background: #FFF2CC; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Activities</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Incentives for replanting
dedicated to schools and other similar communities. 2 NZD for 1000 coconut
palms, management and follow-up, production of a leaflet explaining good
planting and selection practices. Register all palms planted in public places
in a database as part of the delocalized genebank.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Buying 500 coconut harvest hooks
and use them as an incentive for replanting 10000 coconut palms (20 palms
planted for one hook given). Record recipient farmers in a database.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Assessing and extending the number
of efficiently selected parent palms for seednut production (400 palms
analysed, 10 to 20% chosen, 1500 seednuts released); and creating a
comprehensive parent palm database.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Implementing the new concept of
delocalized community-based coconut genebank. 500 palms from 10 well
identified varieties planted in public places, and recorded in a database
available online. Data should include a number for each palm, local and
international name of the variety, date of planting, latitude and longitude, number
of the parent palm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Coconut varieties</h3>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/04/a-new-inventory-of-coconut-varieties.html" target="_blank">The new inventory of coconut varieties in the Cook Islands</a></span></b></div>
<b style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2018/04/compact-red-and-yellow-dwarfs-from-cook.html" target="_blank">Compact Red and Yellow Dwarfs from the Cook Islands</a></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/04/surprising-lessons-from-late-seven-in.html" target="_blank">Surprising lessons from the late "Seven in one"</a></b><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<h3>
Other coconut-related topics</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Here under is a short movie on a farmer's method for planting coconut in Atiu Island, Cook archipelago. this movie seems important for two main reasons: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ol>
<li>This is the first documented case in Polynesia where a farmer plant many coconut palms and remove the baddest. I found that most pacific farmers are generally very conservative and, once a coconut palm is planted, they keep it for a long time, be it a good or a bad producer. Jokingly, we could say that most of these farmers treat coconut palms as members of their families. This movie demonstrates that I was wrong and that, at least in some cases, farmers are applying the technique that is recommended in our website: to plant more coconut palms and to remove those which are not producing well. </li>
<li>We were surprised to see that this farmer is applying the criteria for selecting coconut fruits similar than the one developed in the method proposed here.There is a scene where the farmer is discarding the biggest fruits and keep only the one with thin husk and big coconut inside. So our method is well connected to some traditional practices, here in Atiu, Cook Islands. It's pleasant and reassuring, because we did not know the link with traditional practice at the time when we developed this method. </li>
</ol>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-79289072784718536892018-03-20T12:48:00.003-07:002018-04-02T18:03:38.384-07:00Past coconut seed supply system in Kiribati<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i>By R. Bourdeix, in construction</i><br />
<br />
<b style="font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;">Germplasm introductions and observations (from Trewren, 1985)</b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/03/compact-and-niu-leka-dwarfs-in.html" target="_blank">Niu Leka Dwarfs</a></b> were introduced in 1967 from Fiji and 2 ha planted near Bikenibeu, Tarawa. They showed poor growth with severe symptoms of nutrients deficiency. The block was used as nutrition experiment. Severely affected by drought in 1973.</li>
<li><b>Rennell Talls</b> were introduced and planted at Ambo, Tarawa, about 1965. They showed poor production and symptoms of trace element deficiency. They were used in the early 1970’s as female parent (after emasculation) for hybridization with local Tall. </li>
<li><b>A spacing/density trial </b>was planted with selected Kiribati Tall on a poor stony soil at Abatao, Tarawa and despite this, showed a good growth.·<span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">This plantation was visited and
filmed (drone and traditional method for planting coconut).</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZLRUiKRCap-Y6txYpfotqKLeXZZndWmuMCVLrgaGsgJYcWFhjcHhi8sr4Yuwg70a2sZd7AuzsJuQizkF3IL7yXNBbxIIyGIIEnEmINqftNWI5YttIThnsAFB_xgRJSHY_M7YlonFZ_og/s1600/Abatao2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZLRUiKRCap-Y6txYpfotqKLeXZZndWmuMCVLrgaGsgJYcWFhjcHhi8sr4Yuwg70a2sZd7AuzsJuQizkF3IL7yXNBbxIIyGIIEnEmINqftNWI5YttIThnsAFB_xgRJSHY_M7YlonFZ_og/s400/Abatao2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="background: #FFF2CC; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.5pt;" valign="top" width="542"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB">It
is clear from the satellite image that these coconut
palms had a much better development than other palms planted around. So this
material should preferably used as a source of planting
material. Another option could be to turn this plantation
into a multipurpose seed garden, by cutting all the palms except the best
green one, and replanting red varieties such as <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/03/compact-and-niu-leka-dwarfs-in.html">Compact
Red Dwarfs</a> or <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-surprising-semi-tall-red-variety-from.html">Red
Semi-Talls</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
<br />
<ul>
<li><b style="text-align: justify;">Malayan Dwarfs</b><span style="text-align: justify;"> were planted about 1973 at Abatao. The origin is uncertain. They showed extremely severe symptoms of iron deficiency and high mortality. There are quite a number of MRD in the village within the Gilbert Islands where they are valued for toddy production purpose. There are also a few Malayan Yellow Dwarf.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Malayan Red Dwarf x Rennell hybrids</b> were introduced in 1974 and 1976 from Yandina plantation, Solomon Islands; 22 ha were established on reclaimed lagoon mud at Temaiku Bight, Tarawa, in extremely poor growing conditions (poor nutrient status, thick impenetrable hard pan only inches from the surface, periodic inundation). Most of the palms are stunted and show symptoms of mineral deficiencies.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcNzrxbsE7UxSCYLSPF7WeryCfiD7DJXq1DzSTCriN0mkMquxXx7bCP8A1yvWewMYZA5cDTlYLVVLLhkCUyMOn-yH_Vv_ABrjPLItyAwPWulPTAunTyJKz5EyrubAkQrPQPrWdLajOxww/s1600/Sans+titre-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="1177" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcNzrxbsE7UxSCYLSPF7WeryCfiD7DJXq1DzSTCriN0mkMquxXx7bCP8A1yvWewMYZA5cDTlYLVVLLhkCUyMOn-yH_Vv_ABrjPLItyAwPWulPTAunTyJKz5EyrubAkQrPQPrWdLajOxww/s400/Sans+titre-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRxqDcvwSWQGOOgRt0nt9x6AvyJ4-1T0iL90Ldjh4p7GKW7JZfrieKSpmiYe7pGH1G5k0tfyDQoMk0Xp_gZtTOjjSgGRYrhYYD2v1SLNEn2gSw9ufzu16Tc0BoRDlHfYb6_-SQrWB3gLg/s1600/DSC00193.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="1600" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRxqDcvwSWQGOOgRt0nt9x6AvyJ4-1T0iL90Ldjh4p7GKW7JZfrieKSpmiYe7pGH1G5k0tfyDQoMk0Xp_gZtTOjjSgGRYrhYYD2v1SLNEn2gSw9ufzu16Tc0BoRDlHfYb6_-SQrWB3gLg/s400/DSC00193.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Five trees of a green Dwarf were recorded on Makin Island, in front of the guest house. The seednuts were reported to have been brought from Butaritari but Trewren think that they could be Malayan Green Dwarfs.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">A dozen of trees were reported by Town to be Marshall Islands Dwarfs, established on reclaimed lagoon mud at Temalku Bight. For Ratieta, they came from Tarawa.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">On Kiritimati, Line Group, a block of Rennell Talls was planted about 1963. Half of them died and the other showed extremely severe symptoms of iron deficiency.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Also on Kiritimati, a block was planted with seednuts coming from one (?) of the islands of Gilbert Group. In 1985, the palms were healthy but the nuts had a small size. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The Kirimati Tall itself is reported to be very variable. Trees in the trials were producing (in 1985) a very high proportion of large nuts with a very good copra kernel/husk ratio. <b>Note: where is located this trial and are palms still alive?</b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">On Fanning island, a fairly high proportion of coconuts with fruit weight of over 3 kg is reported but with a rather small nut surrounded by a enormous amount of husk. They can be the Niu afa of Niu Kafa variety.</li>
</ul>
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e</div>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-20957228620751397562018-03-19T02:27:00.002-07:002018-03-19T02:31:29.682-07:00The Kiribati Green Dwarf<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This variety is quite versatile and, depending on agronomic conditions, can shows very different aspects. In Tarawa, near the home stay, it is the smallest coconut variety, with very thin and often curved stem. People plant it when the available space is limited and manage it on a way that it remains of very small size.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This variety is very appreciated for toddy production in Tuvalu, where people argues: "with this variety, even an old men can prepare its own toddy". Quite surprisingly, in Tarawa it seems that this variety if finally not often used for producing toddy, and that people prefers the niu leka or compact green Dwarf for preparing toddy.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSNOpKxH5joR1cMhtgyECLpynPVZwZOC5MtP8HWEXOiHqkZtRJn4ii3VdSmbo-occd6yELtcwuD7OpGCz99lEuoRDhvpo2xYRhhNrpdXnymg1LC_N8Ho0L7YTd53FeCODleBpbKtnBL9A/s1600/DSC00218.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="954" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSNOpKxH5joR1cMhtgyECLpynPVZwZOC5MtP8HWEXOiHqkZtRJn4ii3VdSmbo-occd6yELtcwuD7OpGCz99lEuoRDhvpo2xYRhhNrpdXnymg1LC_N8Ho0L7YTd53FeCODleBpbKtnBL9A/s640/DSC00218.JPG" width="380" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sometimes, but not always, the fruits have distinctive circular scars.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmmeWJ0_eCE2_ykG849fC43aafo8_OGJFuTECa3eV__1pk3IfKm9NfwX3T8KbXEQnWkIC9Oz4wnY-GkBlV7MgINO1yKPbAyeDw9VlxP6_T5eyaOfSCqD3gpGO0jGb9bXN2j7gSkQOWyIc/s1600/DSC00209.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1600" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmmeWJ0_eCE2_ykG849fC43aafo8_OGJFuTECa3eV__1pk3IfKm9NfwX3T8KbXEQnWkIC9Oz4wnY-GkBlV7MgINO1yKPbAyeDw9VlxP6_T5eyaOfSCqD3gpGO0jGb9bXN2j7gSkQOWyIc/s400/DSC00209.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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But on another palm of the same variety, located at only a few meters than the other one, this characteristic did not appear.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Yxbz5plZm5rPXHftVn-qijO5oaAValWw-iswrN5YVg74PKwp9khTrbfy_XMp2zaU5a-qxPGSBWGM9MhikF9aM8J0M6-8GkEQXsEQoA2qggrFhUy3CeaeqCfDBg4_iH6g48GJykoUuGY/s1600/DSC00211.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1115" data-original-width="1600" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Yxbz5plZm5rPXHftVn-qijO5oaAValWw-iswrN5YVg74PKwp9khTrbfy_XMp2zaU5a-qxPGSBWGM9MhikF9aM8J0M6-8GkEQXsEQoA2qggrFhUy3CeaeqCfDBg4_iH6g48GJykoUuGY/s400/DSC00211.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-55513382196589971372018-03-19T02:10:00.000-07:002018-03-21T12:54:19.244-07:00Other Red, Yellow and Apricot Dwarfs in Kiribati<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Malayan Red and Yellow dwarfs are varieties very probably imported to Kiribati from Fiji, and long time ago from Malaysia to Fiji. They easily distinguish from compact Dwarf, because their stem is thinner, they do not (or very very rarely) have fused leaflets. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Malayan Red Dwarf</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A full description of Malayan Red Dwarf is available online.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIohZ92aJV3ONRUGmhIESWzwxyMS5heuzLp6g-qNSScD24PV1I10ZKsRLsrceIc0D90EO9lJhsJxFWRAqSiKqC28xH9DIDwQOxVGNMrKNDUAkvEhMZfLN0qmI44MWboxBeJf8kobIgP1s/s1600/DJI_0018.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1149" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIohZ92aJV3ONRUGmhIESWzwxyMS5heuzLp6g-qNSScD24PV1I10ZKsRLsrceIc0D90EO9lJhsJxFWRAqSiKqC28xH9DIDwQOxVGNMrKNDUAkvEhMZfLN0qmI44MWboxBeJf8kobIgP1s/s640/DJI_0018.JPG" width="457" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malayan Red Dwarf in front of an hotel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Malayan Yellow Dwarf</b></span><br />
<br />
A group of two Malayan Yellow Dwarfs was found at about 200 m from the Red Dwarfs.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>A rarest kind of "Apricot" Dwarf</b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Closed to the airport, we found a rarest kind of dwarf with yellow-orange elongated fruits. The expert believes, without certitude, that this dwarf is genetically related to the Kiribati Green Dwarf. Sometimes it grows in the same way than this Green Dwarf, remaining of very little size, sometimes it is larger when agronomic conditions are better.</div>
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The expert believes that the two pictures here under show the same variety of Apricot Dwarf, but planted and managed n different conditions, and resembling in shape the Kiribati Green Dwarf..<br />
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-4736433570950949372018-03-19T01:33:00.001-07:002019-09-04T08:12:37.157-07:00Replanting old coconut groves<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>By Jean Ollivier and R. Bourdeix, 2018</i><br />
<i>Note from R. Bourdeix, September 2019; The experience described under was conducted in the rich volcanic soils of Madang in PNG. It seems that in the case of poor coral soils (low attols), the technique of replanting the new coconut palms under the old one is not so good, because the old coconut palms continue to use the nutriments available and strongly compete with the new one, but this need to be further developped. See expeiments conducted in French Polynesia in the 1980's.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Replanting
is a very effective way</b></span> of protecting the environment and natural resources, by
using existing infrastructures and limiting plantation extensions on newly
cleared forest. In most producing countries, the population of coconut palms is
growing old, and ways of replacing them are rarely implemented to ensure that
production is maintained and the future of the industry and its profitability
are safeguarded. Rehabilitating/replanting coconut plantations and adopting
appropriate intercropping systems is one of the main challenges to be taken up
for the future of coconut in the Asia-Pacific region. On the other hand, total
replanting is out of the question for smallholdings, where farmers are often
against felling coconut palms so long as they are still yielding, and where
only lightning or senility may possibly lead to felling.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rehabilitation/replanting trial</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In 1997,
the PNG Cocoa and Coconut Research Institute (PNG CCRI) launched a
rehabilitation/replanting trial at the Stewart Research Station, 40 km north of
Madang city. The trial was located in a plot previously planted with cocoa
trees in the 50s and 60s under the shade of old local tall type coconut palms
planted in 1935, and Leuceana. Over the last ten years, the cocoa trees have
disappeared through lack of upkeep, leaving a mixture of forest regrowth,
Leuceana, bamboo and creepers growing up the coconut palms.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFEhXpXm2Mn7-3AL6zBHT4_DEV_M6N6UgfoFeLZmsMru1M8wDAHQzKV92sW0LC__UOy-WEeCy28COng6_X8pQb4bWshbhRc7F-hwQcrNmtbJIyGMF-Gil69IUX0GylG53l4_L7c8Ovi48/s1600/exp%25C3%25A9rience+replantation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="709" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFEhXpXm2Mn7-3AL6zBHT4_DEV_M6N6UgfoFeLZmsMru1M8wDAHQzKV92sW0LC__UOy-WEeCy28COng6_X8pQb4bWshbhRc7F-hwQcrNmtbJIyGMF-Gil69IUX0GylG53l4_L7c8Ovi48/s400/exp%25C3%25A9rience+replantation.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of the experiment conducted from 1997<br />
at the Stewart Research Center, Papua New Guinea </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">Land
preparation</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It consisted in manual felling of the regrowth in 1997. The plant
debris was burnt on site, then the interrows were cleared of old coconut stems
and other residues, which were placed in windrows down the old coconut rows. A
Pueraria phaseloides cover crop was used to cover the surface of the trial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Hybrid coconut planting</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Lining for
hybrid coconut planting (in treatments involving replanting) was carried out
down the middle of the interrow of the old coconut palms, which were originally
planted at 115 palms/ha. The hybrid seedlings (Malayan Red Dwarf x Rennell
Tall) were planted 7 m apart, to obtain a density of around 165 palms/ha. The
same crop management sequences were applied in each treatment (cover crop,
circle upkeep and localized chemical weeding).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Experimental design</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
experimental design considers three main treatments for old palm felling,
compared to a control without replanting, with a fertilization or no
fertilization subdivision for each treatment and the control. The trial
comprises five replicates. The felling treatments are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">P0:
total felling of old palms at the time of hybrid replanting</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">P3:
old palm felling deferred for 3 years after replanting ; </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">P6:
old palm felling deferred for 6 years after replanting</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">C:
control with neither replanting nor old palm felling.</span></li>
</ul>
<b style="font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;">Old palm
felling</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Felling in
treatment P0 took place in December 1997. The palms were first poisoned by
injecting 50 ml of a neat monosodium methylarsonate (MSMA) solution into the
stem of each palm. Once the crown had disappeared, the stems remained upright
and gradually rotted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Felling in
treatment P3 was carried out from July to November 2000, by sawing and chopping
the lower section of the stem into 9 meter lengths for use as coconut
wood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment P6 is scheduled for 2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Fertilization</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The young
coconut palms receive (subdivision F1) or do not receive (subdivision F0)
mineral fertilizers. The choice of fertilizers and rates applied is based on
the initial results obtained in a reference fertilizer trial. Although
applications in 1998 involved nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and
chlorine (Cl), only N and Cl were used in subsequent years. The fertilizers
were applied to the foot of the underplanted hybrids in treatments P0, P3, and
P6, and in the middle of the interrow for C, the control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Observations carried out</b></span>A <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/01/methods-for-assessing-coconut.html">leaf analysis</a> was carried out in 1996 on a representative sample of the old palms (before the trial was set up), then in 2000 on the palms felled in plots P3. The underplanted hybrids were sampled in 1999 and 2000. Observations of vegetative growth and production Vegetative growth and flowering was monitored while the hybrids were young. Three variables were observed every six months: girth 20 cm from the ground (G), the number of fronds emitted in the six months between two inspections (NFE) and the length of frond rank 4, 9 or 14 (FL). Flowering was observed every 3 months, from the start of flowering. On the old palms, the number of nuts produced was recorded palm by palm every month from the start of the trial. The nuts are grouped by sub-plot, husked and the weight of split husked nuts was recorded. Copra weight after drying is recorded at regular harvesting intervals, so that the ratio of copra weight to husked nut weight, without water, can be calculated.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Econometric measurements.</span></b><br />
Working time, hired labour costs and input costs were recorded between 1997 and 2000, covering trial setup, the immature phase of the hybrids, but also production costs for the copra harvested from the old palms, thereby enabling an initial economic approach to the different strategies envisaged. Daily working time was measured for all activities, and expressed as the number of days' work (man-days corresponding to 5 to 6 hours of effective work). Only work specific to dehusking in the field was paid according to output and based on split husked nut weight. The data first expressed in Kinas (local currency) were converted into US dollars taking a mean annual Kina-US$ exchange rate.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Results and discussion</span></b><br />
<b>The cost of rehabilitation per hectare</b> over the first three years (cleaning of the growth, preparation of spacing, setting up and maintenance of the legume cover) amounted to US $422. This cost is associated with a load of 108 working days (of which almost 60% in the first year) and 5.7 hours of mechanical work.<br />
<br />
T<b>he cost of replanting per ha</b> on the three years (supply of plants, linning, holing, planting of hybrid and maintenance of the rings) amounted to US $325 and correspond to a workload of 40.6 man days (md) of which half is performed in the first year. For the treatment of P0, an additional cost of US $49 with 6.5 md for poisoning the old trees.<br />
<br />
For the first three years, the cost rehabilitation/replanting per hectare amounts to US $746 if old trees are maintained and US $795 trees are poisoned, against US $422 for the only rehabilitation . When practised, fertilization induced an additional cost of $120 US/ha.<br />
<br />
The high variability in the size of the nuts harvested from old trees, related to the genetic determinism and probably to the physiological age of the trees,explain that high number of nuts the preparation of a ton of copra (around 6 200 nuts) . This factor and the residual density (which affects the cost of collection) are very important issues in terms of workload and cost of processing the nuts.<br />
<br />
<b>Thus, the cost of collection, processing and transport of the ton of copra is very high: US $158 against US $86 for young hybrids in production</b> achieved in another experiment on the station.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Comparison of the economic performance of the different solutions</span></b>In order to estimate the economic performance of each treatment, it has been conducted an economic simulation over a period of 9 years which corresponds to three times the time step chosen for the felling of old trees. Thus, on the period considered, the first three correspond to actual values observed, the data of the next six years are extrapolated according to a theoretical hybrid and old trees production scheme .<br />
<br />
<b>Production accumulated over 9 years varies from 6.8 t/ha in the case of C treatment (only rehabilitation without replanting) up to 26.6 t/ha, being 4 times more, in the case of a replanting with fertilization and maintenance of the old trees for 6 years. </b>Profitability compared the eight different scenarios over a period of 9 years shows a net margin which varies, depending on the case, between - $ 647 and + $ 2 346.<br />
<br />
<b>Negative margins are found in the case of rehabilitation alone</b>, the worst case being that of the rehabilitation with fertilization. Indeed, <b>fertilizer not showing a positive effect on the production of old trees</b>, this additional cost does not give place to any increase in the crop.<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FFE599; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18pt;">The
strongest lines are observed in the case of replanting with fertilizers with hybrid
coconut trees, the margin being optimal where the old trees are kept over a
period of 6 years.</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
The intensification of the system at the same time increases the needs in work; Thus the CF0 system requires 644 md while P6F1 ask 1192 md. The net margin per working day appear negative in the case of rehabilitation only (-$ 0.97 /md), while she is largely positive in the case of rehabilitation-replanting (in a range of $ 1.97 to $ 2.19 /md). The best net margin per working day is obtained where old coconut trees are poisoned and where there is no cost for harvesting the old trees.<br />
<br />
However, the cumulative net margin suggests a positive in the 6th year for replanting P3 and P6 systems, which is an advantage in terms of cash, while we expect the 7th year to be positive for the P0 system.<br />
<br />
The case described here reveals that, from a total abandon starting point, the old coconut stand by applying simple rehabilitation techniques, there is a perceptible positive effects on production<br />
<br />
Old trees in the second year after rehabilitation. <b>The increase of the production of the old trees in 1999 can be explained by better nitrogenous nutrition related to the good effect of the cover plant and less competition with aggressive weeds.</b><br />
<br />
The natural thinning that occurred over time, reducing the initial density, promoted the production of residual trees. This production still relatively significant (0.6 to 0.9 t of copra per ha per year) confirms that in a very favorable local pedo-climatic context the coconut is a very rustic plant, with long economic life, able to produce even after a long period of neglect. <br />
<br />
The production of the old trees of the P3 treatments and P6 is not different from that of witness C, suggesting that the agroecological local conditions permit, at least in the period of 2 years, a high density of trees that can go up to 240 trees/ha.<br />
<br />
<b>During the first two years after replanting, the competition between the young and old trees is not significant</b> and lets assume that both populations can co-exist without apparent damage on the growth of young or on the production of the old palms. It remains to determine how much of time this situation can be sustained without damage to the development of young plants.<br />
<br />
However, the simulation conducted shows that, in the conditions of the experiment, with a residual density of old trees reduced to around 70 trees/ha and high cost of collection and processing operations because of the low ratio of copra/nuts, it is not economic to exploit such a coconut grove<br />
as results show negative net margins -$108 and - $647 for respectively CF0 and CF1 treatments/<br />
<br />
It might be otherwise if the residual density was higher, making less expensive the collection costs, or if the harvest round was less frequent.<br />
<br />
The P6F1 system shows the highest productivity (+ $2,346) with a net margin positive in the fourth year and a positive cumulative net margin + $422 after 6 years. It is followed by the P3F1 system + $2,122 but with a positive net margin in the fifth year and a cumulated net margin of + $ 149 in the fifth year. The P6F0 system comes in third + $2,065 with a cumulative positive net margin in sixth year + $401. The P0F0system gives the lowest productivity of the replanted systems + $1,646.<br />
<br />
From an economic point of view and in the conditions of the trial, it appears that,among the strategies of rehabilitation-replanting, P0F0 treatment is the less powerful model in terms of net margin. If from an agronomic point of view it improves somewhat the growth and the precocity of youth trees, it is unlikely that the effect is important and durable enough to cover the loss of income in the early years. It could however be otherwise if the wood of old felled coconut trees could be valued on a market sufficiently remunerative. Such market requires further investigation in the <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/02/valorization-of-coconut-wood-from.html" target="_blank">use of the coconut timber</a> and <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2017/11/selling-coconut-hearts-chou-coco-ou.html" target="_blank">coconut heart</a> in order to complete the economic strategies balance sheets..<br />
<br />
Moreover, the solution of the poisoning of old trees presents a risk in some situations: coconut decaying timber left standing can lead to the development of the larval and the outbreak of the dynastides( Oryctes spp.), causing substantial damage to the replanted young trees but also on neighbouring adult trees.<br />
<br />
In Papua New Guinea, the large accentuated ageing proportion of coconuts poses the problem of the sustainability and the renewal operation would ensure the future of this industry and to maintain a satisfactory share of the coconut in the diet of the population.<br />
<br />
If the village sector the replanting of coconut trees is not yet key issue, it's going to be in the medium term. Replanting is already an issue for the old colonial plantation established before the second world war and which are redistributed to small planters.<br />
<br />
<b>In some areas (such as the small islands for example), the land pressure is strong and the possibility of extending the culture is limited</b>, if not zero. In that case strategies and techniques of replanting are relevant. Replanting is an effective way to protect the environment and natural resources, using existing infrastructure and limiting the extension of crops on high conservation value land.<br />
<br />
Total replanting is not a solution for a smallholder, often reluctant of cutting of a coconut tree as long as it continues to produce, and only lightning, disease or senility will cause its death. Decide a propitious moment for replant strongly depends on various factors: variety, residual density, productivity and market of products or by-products of the coconut.<br />
<br />
In the conditions of the experiment, <b>the resumption of maintenance and the restoration of the nitrogen fertility by the introduction of a legume cover allowed to significantly increase the production of the old coconut trees</b>. However, the only rehabilitation does not ensure the profitability of the system if it is not associated with a replanting policy.<br />
So, the high producing hybrid coconut com- plantation is an attractive way to rehabilitate old plantations. <b>The growth of young coconut does not appear to be affected by competition from the old trees, especially during the first two years of growth.</b> This lets the producer continues to harvest copra and ensure an income while guaranteeing the future by establishing a young coconut stand that generates revenue from the fourth year.<br />
<br />
<b>Other associations of crops under coconut palm systems can be compared with the various scenarios described here</b>, but often these other systems are more consumers in working time do not always have organized supply chains to ensure the flow of products. Also, efforts should be made to optimize the use of land occupied by the existing coconut trees often placed in favorable infrastructural conditions and access to the market for the sale of the copra or fresh cocon<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">uts.</span></div>
</div>
Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-64062638409218325012018-03-19T00:37:00.000-07:002018-03-20T12:14:06.652-07:00A surprising Semi-Tall Red variety from Tarawa, Kiribati<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When surveying Tarawa, we met several occurrences of a surprising kind of semi-Tall variety bearing red orange fruits. This variety could be useful to create new seed gardens, and particular to inter-plant with Green Kiribati Tall, or a green Dwarf. We provide here some detailed pictures about this variety. This is sure this is not a Dwarf, as the picture under well illustrate it: the semi tall is on the left side, and very close is planted a Kiribati Green Dwarf with thin stem and no bole (on the right side).</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVwPckMBjUhkiYCwiPnz2R-AelA55cYdrKHPC86aJG8W-Y3ExYo9VD7XNl5nxMAmEtgpgmnLIfqDsp3z797tuFZLJemUtPE2z_3Cl533wl5Sw4NeWgjJF7s2IdnW3OJKwmpJ13_zr9cHs/s1600/DSC00229.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1415" data-original-width="1600" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVwPckMBjUhkiYCwiPnz2R-AelA55cYdrKHPC86aJG8W-Y3ExYo9VD7XNl5nxMAmEtgpgmnLIfqDsp3z797tuFZLJemUtPE2z_3Cl533wl5Sw4NeWgjJF7s2IdnW3OJKwmpJ13_zr9cHs/s400/DSC00229.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stems of a Red Semi-Tall (left) when compared <br />
to the stem of Kiribati Green Dwarf (right)<br />
<a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B021'33.5%22N+173%C2%B009'20.3%22E/@1.35931,173.155632,17z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr">(1.359310°
173.155632°)</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM48sPMeQMdFMc3Zrx62zCFc4obRfzOQkvrBaxCyHEvdqmQtRR6V1MH9EzLnq0GCTvAmWdtO23-Yasxd_gkTJqTybwC_-_Qop8JgTsntiH5DRt86LbVjeQWx2jjRggAL1GlIJeum96Dac/s1600/DSC00233.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1147" data-original-width="1600" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM48sPMeQMdFMc3Zrx62zCFc4obRfzOQkvrBaxCyHEvdqmQtRR6V1MH9EzLnq0GCTvAmWdtO23-Yasxd_gkTJqTybwC_-_Qop8JgTsntiH5DRt86LbVjeQWx2jjRggAL1GlIJeum96Dac/s400/DSC00233.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Same Red Semi-Tall than in the upper picture<br />
<a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B021'33.5%22N+173%C2%B009'20.3%22E/@1.35931,173.155632,17z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr">(1.359310° 173.155632°)</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwqC-vF0yASJj5OaZLk-UMjRRxKk6G562i1bQpnuP2CpnLKm_kNFf2crdSP3Q57cJsqPye4fTyYbN7VZGnEC1mjX09jVfj7j4S1UcGg6D-ympRVfwJ02S8xTlD24HcNfnlzUlQVr6WHHY/s1600/DSC00232.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwqC-vF0yASJj5OaZLk-UMjRRxKk6G562i1bQpnuP2CpnLKm_kNFf2crdSP3Q57cJsqPye4fTyYbN7VZGnEC1mjX09jVfj7j4S1UcGg6D-ympRVfwJ02S8xTlD24HcNfnlzUlQVr6WHHY/s640/DSC00232.JPG" width="360" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Same Red Semi-Tall than in the upper picture<br />
<a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B021'33.5%22N+173%C2%B009'20.3%22E/@1.35931,173.155632,17z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr">(1.359310° 173.155632°)</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span id="goog_783095339"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYAD9FqXg8W9XWYRJuEynrBDsgJhyphenhyphen2ZjS-8yj795p-QCLA1Q_ifGtH-qQpOJ1THo0eV0UaYOs1_Xhx0s4xVOG1AhBa06eaQRCAQUneRCpeg6vmzWqFPtyPZD4ghvdyDJbL_qGi004NSC0/s1600/DSC00180.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYAD9FqXg8W9XWYRJuEynrBDsgJhyphenhyphen2ZjS-8yj795p-QCLA1Q_ifGtH-qQpOJ1THo0eV0UaYOs1_Xhx0s4xVOG1AhBa06eaQRCAQUneRCpeg6vmzWqFPtyPZD4ghvdyDJbL_qGi004NSC0/s640/DSC00180.JPG" width="360" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another Red Semi-Tall located at<br />
(<a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B021'52.7%22N+173%C2%B007'58.9%22E/@1.364643,173.133018,17z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr" target="_blank">1.364643° 173.133018°</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1gEma3BKvJ3YLf-47hZjT972PPjDmIVzwgxs2gOEyWv-zyTNe_dTA4-eaSLmcAhQyvZoKuk9bx9ARPhTf5u3kl630r2vgKROBrySlmaIYul1ZMjf_DVsWub6LWsOqXK66C2zLnqDZzUc/s1600/DSC00181.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1gEma3BKvJ3YLf-47hZjT972PPjDmIVzwgxs2gOEyWv-zyTNe_dTA4-eaSLmcAhQyvZoKuk9bx9ARPhTf5u3kl630r2vgKROBrySlmaIYul1ZMjf_DVsWub6LWsOqXK66C2zLnqDZzUc/s400/DSC00181.JPG" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stem of the same Red Semi-Tall located at<br />
(<a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B021'52.7%22N+173%C2%B007'58.9%22E/@1.364643,173.133018,17z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr" target="_blank">1.364643° 173.133018°</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1J902NmgtYwcmqNV6tTMiPmL4p_0H2Ii5IW3t0nI6LD-pt5e842TkxHGHB0WMSF_gPZzpwSeOwuY8acG-4prL4p-fYLC5KLN4ANKR5qvoj8XoY5LBihVhyphenhyphenb_qgWakb7g6Pt2GVhfr6uE/s1600/DSC00271.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="947" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1J902NmgtYwcmqNV6tTMiPmL4p_0H2Ii5IW3t0nI6LD-pt5e842TkxHGHB0WMSF_gPZzpwSeOwuY8acG-4prL4p-fYLC5KLN4ANKR5qvoj8XoY5LBihVhyphenhyphenb_qgWakb7g6Pt2GVhfr6uE/s640/DSC00271.JPG" width="378" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A very nice young palm located at<br />( <a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B023'03.1%22N+173%C2%B008'13.4%22E/@1.384187,173.137045,17z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr" target="_blank">1.384187° 173.137045°</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-35119909564883858032018-03-16T06:42:00.001-07:002018-03-20T12:16:57.648-07:00Compact and niu leka Dwarfs in Kiribati<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Here are pictures and information on Compact Dwarf and Niu Leka Dwarfs in Kiribati.</b> For more general information on Compact Dwarfs, please see <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.fr/2017/12/compact-dwarf-varieties.html" target="_blank"><b>the dedicated section and HD poster</b></a> in the main menu of the website.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Niu Leka Dwarfs were introduced in 1967 from Fiji and 2 hectares planted near Bikenibeu, Tarawa. They showed poor growth with severe symptoms of nutrients deficiency. The block was used as nutrition experiment. It was severely affected by drought in 1973.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Different forms of Compact or Niu Leka Dwarfs are still found in North Tarawa. An additional characteristics is quite often meet (but not always), the leaflets jointed when the leaf is young and even later.</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Brown and green forms</b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNSbJ2i_ZfVpC7Cc1yfM8BGIrpWigeuchmkP-7yT4HqmuWe14i15jEa-Fn5O2o_hvhwSJy2l08TEr6CFZMduqyuCB3Rt3sfcU7RepbhpgAU6yzlUFzxDhB4vZuLyUIPzP9ap9Hl-DMBs/s1600/DSC00183.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1168" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNSbJ2i_ZfVpC7Cc1yfM8BGIrpWigeuchmkP-7yT4HqmuWe14i15jEa-Fn5O2o_hvhwSJy2l08TEr6CFZMduqyuCB3Rt3sfcU7RepbhpgAU6yzlUFzxDhB4vZuLyUIPzP9ap9Hl-DMBs/s400/DSC00183.JPG" width="291" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brow Compact Dwarf with fused leaflets when the leaf is young</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
There is a strong variability in the fruits, with in particular a form meet in several countries with very round fruits and a specific brown color. It seems that the green forms are much less productive than the brown form, because we tried long time to find a good green palm to photograph, and we saw mostly green palms bearing very few fruits when dozens or brown palms are full of fruits. Two reasons can explain this situation:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The brown forms are more advanced varieties and easier to bred than the green one;</li>
<li>The niu leka of Compact Green variety is preferred for toddy production, so many palms bear only a few fruits. </li>
</ul>
<br />
Surprisingly, they are plenty of the variety called "Kiribati Green Dwarf", a very small coconut with thin trunk, arounf the houses in Tarawa. But the Kiribati people are rarely using this variety for toddy production. In Tuvalu the same small Green Dwarf if very appreciated for toddy. Tuvaluans are saying "with this variety, even an old men can make his own toddy". Tarawa people seems to prefer the Green niu leka, with thick stem and inflorescence, for making toddy.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSRW3iDbilX2U5WAdKfRHN_IkxzPQQXhblwM1T4wSAWljj7ZpnoJiFCZhJmKmEdbnVTqz5fcYWRjiOV7iokBqo1qlg-bafc_h75meGagA0e8HWQPhtuk-cHb5mKl9vz1TvUBLdkL3cP8/s1600/DSC00184.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1015" data-original-width="1600" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSRW3iDbilX2U5WAdKfRHN_IkxzPQQXhblwM1T4wSAWljj7ZpnoJiFCZhJmKmEdbnVTqz5fcYWRjiOV7iokBqo1qlg-bafc_h75meGagA0e8HWQPhtuk-cHb5mKl9vz1TvUBLdkL3cP8/s400/DSC00184.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crown of Brown Compact Dwarf</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6wKrCMhE8JLHSr6ODMbJfL6VDPwR8y5P2K_5tN36tsGerKh3wjNiAU5VG-xcLuyEwTzO2qwlhV8mWmQnyWNHOfRrvYx8Hr_Q8ntCXqKEF_ITmJhzWcR0qDqFq6iWM3g3Mxbv5Fa6Pb5Q/s1600/DSC00185.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1155" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6wKrCMhE8JLHSr6ODMbJfL6VDPwR8y5P2K_5tN36tsGerKh3wjNiAU5VG-xcLuyEwTzO2qwlhV8mWmQnyWNHOfRrvYx8Hr_Q8ntCXqKEF_ITmJhzWcR0qDqFq6iWM3g3Mxbv5Fa6Pb5Q/s640/DSC00185.JPG" width="462" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another for of Brown Compact Dwarf<br />
with rounder fruits of green brown color when young</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDwxoP2Jra3zfa0fNdPjADhzZVYH9KIK1dhmYz6o0657ipMwI1UsEcBZDyYcl7WcN_hm4UCL6pksuFmqjE9TCk6UwQp0DwKyL4Oz8I7mElsU3TQ_u2RrIc5OcINXm84-oJ-NPGjyAS30M/s1600/DSC00186.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1095" data-original-width="1600" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDwxoP2Jra3zfa0fNdPjADhzZVYH9KIK1dhmYz6o0657ipMwI1UsEcBZDyYcl7WcN_hm4UCL6pksuFmqjE9TCk6UwQp0DwKyL4Oz8I7mElsU3TQ_u2RrIc5OcINXm84-oJ-NPGjyAS30M/s400/DSC00186.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another for of Brown Compact Dwarf<br />
with rounder fruits of green brown color when young</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivSEzrBk9pcwA5pZ8TSk1rz0YF6os5rteA7pzTSq6WvI_kzeW26yYWZn4wi8XvvM0p3wbWIybHOvXqf4xTjlU1_Kmk-kvKXLh3I8Z3oybfCZDXM5XB8VqaiSXVlYvMakOZVHtRbIBh-JY/s1600/DSC00260.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1061" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivSEzrBk9pcwA5pZ8TSk1rz0YF6os5rteA7pzTSq6WvI_kzeW26yYWZn4wi8XvvM0p3wbWIybHOvXqf4xTjlU1_Kmk-kvKXLh3I8Z3oybfCZDXM5XB8VqaiSXVlYvMakOZVHtRbIBh-JY/s640/DSC00260.JPG" width="424" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Green Compact Dwarf or niu leka with moderate fused leaflets</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuVa83BcugSONKIT2C0P2BIMrETu4m3p_YkEDnvyQLnxSWyTvZ63-JlN3vONJIPO1YTB1uujB4ASWw8F1HxX0SpPwP_UL9ZWiCTLQky4F64EEYzZVNTuvyWTJFh9ra8m7KBa14LTLxfSo/s1600/DSC00263.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="971" data-original-width="1600" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuVa83BcugSONKIT2C0P2BIMrETu4m3p_YkEDnvyQLnxSWyTvZ63-JlN3vONJIPO1YTB1uujB4ASWw8F1HxX0SpPwP_UL9ZWiCTLQky4F64EEYzZVNTuvyWTJFh9ra8m7KBa14LTLxfSo/s400/DSC00263.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bunches of the Green Compact Dwarf or niu leka </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">The rarest red form</b><br />
For several reasons, this form is particularly precious; it can serve for establishing a new kind of seed gardens. The form available in Kiribati have a variable degree of fused leaflets and oval shaped fruits. Villagers are probably using both the color of the sprout and the this fused leaflet to select the palm at the nursery stage. Sometimes palms from the same parent show various degree of fused leaflets.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN-NJK_dyWmvbi4oxU9sSew5PaBRp_PhnRPN9CPINoO8y17EA1WLABE3IwFit4kBXCv7q_OjG1tHUhtlDyBfn2Cl5GwNZn-yWAVwE1Lc1NwzyypfdJzK09SQdVebRVFTUuYXyBZtb1TpY/s1600/DSC00173.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1063" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN-NJK_dyWmvbi4oxU9sSew5PaBRp_PhnRPN9CPINoO8y17EA1WLABE3IwFit4kBXCv7q_OjG1tHUhtlDyBfn2Cl5GwNZn-yWAVwE1Lc1NwzyypfdJzK09SQdVebRVFTUuYXyBZtb1TpY/s640/DSC00173.JPG" width="424" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rarest Red compact Dwarf with fused leaflets when the leafs are young</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6uktDT_IYW5kIXKeY32AX7mcOgJrK3h7aYH09-BTKyHmlHQFXw8y4MzJRNvOcjn6_LSI7xLM-mgRSCZ8Ysm7ixuoqsH6rA-Z0DR_yvm307kGH3Conz4MvnIhBf9Fn4M_tysnKqp-lwKY/s1600/DSC00175.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1015" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6uktDT_IYW5kIXKeY32AX7mcOgJrK3h7aYH09-BTKyHmlHQFXw8y4MzJRNvOcjn6_LSI7xLM-mgRSCZ8Ysm7ixuoqsH6rA-Z0DR_yvm307kGH3Conz4MvnIhBf9Fn4M_tysnKqp-lwKY/s400/DSC00175.JPG" width="252" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fruits of the Compact Red Dwarf</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDWiNhdBbZTPAgimDke1uX-lbJbqivfnBs0fcAzUHo8YYP2zwXwZZ5t2nFkwBxH-Z-a5wnpTil_YME_8CZ0MeqDgLS-YW4efaREZDBBCBtI6AKYmxfzJbCaZfLDp3AmyAgQr6lFedsy8M/s1600/DSC00174.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDWiNhdBbZTPAgimDke1uX-lbJbqivfnBs0fcAzUHo8YYP2zwXwZZ5t2nFkwBxH-Z-a5wnpTil_YME_8CZ0MeqDgLS-YW4efaREZDBBCBtI6AKYmxfzJbCaZfLDp3AmyAgQr6lFedsy8M/s400/DSC00174.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crown of the Compact Red Dwarf <br />
with bunches having short peduncles.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCV-4b_Z-EFzaWKazk4QCqk6lo7I9S8aau2U-9MAMf4vNX7rl5pbD2o5j4OUwCZt_V_K0apPXysxFEMzpFG1heT18g8RhHiDp73KYNCDgXPKEhhOkHa8mOFnDWCRVh9KPQ-cpEqhVYhiY/s1600/20180317105153+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1600" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCV-4b_Z-EFzaWKazk4QCqk6lo7I9S8aau2U-9MAMf4vNX7rl5pbD2o5j4OUwCZt_V_K0apPXysxFEMzpFG1heT18g8RhHiDp73KYNCDgXPKEhhOkHa8mOFnDWCRVh9KPQ-cpEqhVYhiY/s400/20180317105153+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Here is a progeny of 5 palms very probably coming from the same<br />
Compact Red Dwarf parent. One have no fused leaflet,<br />
two moderate and two (the smallests) excessive fused leaflet<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
(<a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B021'22.3%22N+172%C2%B055'19.6%22E/@1.3563596,172.9227598,16z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr" target="_blank">1.356188° 172.922107°</a>)</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQbfx9sDzZsSmd7QSnFVjL0sIbhfW-2mSHSGlRS_OcmLyNB9hrNdEuVAVl-m-RzotGwtfqrJCaP7GhbdZHa8K_pKUMMCZKrECCGlhIqWg2rB7KOU-55Yse5rmNJUqCWjACjg1BdGLQdVE/s1600/DSC00217.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1010" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQbfx9sDzZsSmd7QSnFVjL0sIbhfW-2mSHSGlRS_OcmLyNB9hrNdEuVAVl-m-RzotGwtfqrJCaP7GhbdZHa8K_pKUMMCZKrECCGlhIqWg2rB7KOU-55Yse5rmNJUqCWjACjg1BdGLQdVE/s640/DSC00217.JPG" width="402" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Excessive fused leaflets with negative effect on growth and production</td></tr>
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There is a place where plenty of these palms (at least a dozen) are available: (<a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B021'49.6%22N+173%C2%B006'25.0%22E/@1.363772,173.106938,17z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr" target="_blank">1.363772° 173.106938°</a>). Some of the palms with strong fused leaflets are bearing fruits.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLBUwJtwIlG-sbi62xiNVoXa1T8vgvsFs0e_t8XEOJYifYdLIzyy8B1uWPNtPD8KqigwsFMgtyr_L3HWg0jiu9tYm1V9-jHIZemRCz4gf2vQsTNq5lPl4sfN_VMX4c6ct4uNsQ604pmc/s1600/DSC00250+%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="918" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLBUwJtwIlG-sbi62xiNVoXa1T8vgvsFs0e_t8XEOJYifYdLIzyy8B1uWPNtPD8KqigwsFMgtyr_L3HWg0jiu9tYm1V9-jHIZemRCz4gf2vQsTNq5lPl4sfN_VMX4c6ct4uNsQ604pmc/s640/DSC00250+%25281%2529.JPG" width="366" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A dozen of palm is available here: (<a href="https://www.google.ki/maps/place/1%C2%B021'49.6%22N+173%C2%B006'25.0%22E/@1.363772,173.106938,17z/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=fr" style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;" target="_blank">1.363772° 173.106938°</a><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkG5mPb_zYdS8yUb_3Y0kleedSZoXZsJ-nbJ1X4pfC2KwW7YpDBtjUPO38gCH-k0nwOnQ4GVxebhk0JQ5vrSP_05RSk0IMp7huQoy8Ij_6R7f7L0OpQnx_r8dOIjp4l2Dzus1zXQ5TWNM/s1600/DSC00251+%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1314" data-original-width="1600" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkG5mPb_zYdS8yUb_3Y0kleedSZoXZsJ-nbJ1X4pfC2KwW7YpDBtjUPO38gCH-k0nwOnQ4GVxebhk0JQ5vrSP_05RSk0IMp7huQoy8Ij_6R7f7L0OpQnx_r8dOIjp4l2Dzus1zXQ5TWNM/s400/DSC00251+%25281%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rare palms with pronounced fused leaflet and bearing fruits</td></tr>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-78072705279009894382018-03-16T06:31:00.001-07:002018-05-19T00:59:19.158-07:00Preparation of the training package in Kiribati<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEKk1canmcQXUeDvhaAJ-g6LCJz-JJ4luZqSah7IA7LOwX7_yGSOhgfzgYCIk4yQqOOSt6aWZpXnhhEIwktQnWb0AUcooulNz4lbBocYJiqr7NS8zl2qZo_7542csK4yJMgTXCEBnQomw/s1600/DSC00176.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1595" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEKk1canmcQXUeDvhaAJ-g6LCJz-JJ4luZqSah7IA7LOwX7_yGSOhgfzgYCIk4yQqOOSt6aWZpXnhhEIwktQnWb0AUcooulNz4lbBocYJiqr7NS8zl2qZo_7542csK4yJMgTXCEBnQomw/s320/DSC00176.JPG" width="318" /></a></div>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">Coconut palms growing too fast</b><br />
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In some part of the South Tarawa atoll, villagers are planting Tall-types varieties that sometimes grow incredibly fast. A palm was measured with a length of 10 internodes of 182 cm (distance between 11 leaf scars taken at 150 cm from the ground), and that is among the highest values never recorded.</div>
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When such a situation occurs, villagers often destroy this kind of palm when young, because it is not adapted to their needs. Probably it is too hard to climb and dangerous for the house. It seems that, when planting the seedlings, they cannot predict which coconut palm will grow fast and which will grow normally. These very fast growing palms could be the result of an introduction of Tall-types from the Solomon Islands.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_j7qlBZH9TMGKO73rTwFqqrDXU2YmkGeofFQ_N0a-uahjLZVf6y9ZhvSAlGbkBLJbLTTJuGwO6WOHpbyo2Isare6j57RSolw8eKslan8wDrKmSMI949ZRP7cQJeo5j033U3aI7T7JNzk/s1600/20180316183509+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1600" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_j7qlBZH9TMGKO73rTwFqqrDXU2YmkGeofFQ_N0a-uahjLZVf6y9ZhvSAlGbkBLJbLTTJuGwO6WOHpbyo2Isare6j57RSolw8eKslan8wDrKmSMI949ZRP7cQJeo5j033U3aI7T7JNzk/s400/20180316183509+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coconut palms cut by villagers because of its excessive growth</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDA3vILoeChgzTPH0TpPrTINnaKSa_52yJ95qx-NV0YYr0ksZ-zTLqTgbAohTCW7klaE15TJ_ylMpcO0mPo40oR61C1w6kBbNgDUWCY9ckxgG318ZBavfTjc3NyElqx7WHEINHnM6XWQ/s1600/DSC00228.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><b style="font-size: x-large;">Around the base of the coconut palms</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDA3vILoeChgzTPH0TpPrTINnaKSa_52yJ95qx-NV0YYr0ksZ-zTLqTgbAohTCW7klaE15TJ_ylMpcO0mPo40oR61C1w6kBbNgDUWCY9ckxgG318ZBavfTjc3NyElqx7WHEINHnM6XWQ/s1600/DSC00228.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1117" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDA3vILoeChgzTPH0TpPrTINnaKSa_52yJ95qx-NV0YYr0ksZ-zTLqTgbAohTCW7klaE15TJ_ylMpcO0mPo40oR61C1w6kBbNgDUWCY9ckxgG318ZBavfTjc3NyElqx7WHEINHnM6XWQ/s320/DSC00228.JPG" width="223" /></a></div>
Coconut husk are sometimes used to protect and fertilize the young coconut palms.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1yMRLgsfmSGlfPGyZ3NIksaJ8Dc4HVY1ZWiHmMapBED1GFWJGVSHT6hVwK5tBWh2e_7LxW8ohmHIBeUrArkizwCWGlPQLZLRzgPGV90-yL0yuKe3WErLk5zolotf8IE51Bfs4UqDSt8/s1600/DSC00248.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1600" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1yMRLgsfmSGlfPGyZ3NIksaJ8Dc4HVY1ZWiHmMapBED1GFWJGVSHT6hVwK5tBWh2e_7LxW8ohmHIBeUrArkizwCWGlPQLZLRzgPGV90-yL0yuKe3WErLk5zolotf8IE51Bfs4UqDSt8/s400/DSC00248.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another design at the base of the coconut palms</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Traditional coconut planting method</span></b><br />
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Here under is a short movie about planting technique made in Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati islands.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/avEuvDfxwUo/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="300" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/avEuvDfxwUo?feature=player_embedded" width="500"></iframe></div>
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<b style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;">Stem damages linked to traditional medecine</b></div>
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The expert initially thought that this stem holing practice was a kind of "<a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/03/preparation-of-training-package-in.html" target="_blank">treatment of the lazy coconut palms</a>" as explained on this website for <a href="http://replantcoconut.blogspot.com/2018/03/preparation-of-training-package-in.html" target="_blank">Solomon islands and Mozambique</a>. It seems it is only linked to traditional medicine. Portions of stem are removed almost always on the same way, a rectangular portion sampled at the same height, but more or less deeply holed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1x1JotJR8Sh_M1Ej-bajIwdRqVLDGzKzXCb1a0zPX7hMs0CB734pagzUOUvEOpVnFsh850uRWVRTCQUISIBULJldXVjiY9Z2h-P27Zb9AHBS03kbZynDVKMPz7EDx7DUDKYQyAH01qNc/s1600/DSC00239.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1338" data-original-width="1600" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1x1JotJR8Sh_M1Ej-bajIwdRqVLDGzKzXCb1a0zPX7hMs0CB734pagzUOUvEOpVnFsh850uRWVRTCQUISIBULJldXVjiY9Z2h-P27Zb9AHBS03kbZynDVKMPz7EDx7DUDKYQyAH01qNc/s400/DSC00239.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-71793200284502855422018-03-12T19:44:00.001-07:002023-03-03T21:55:23.949-08:00Archives from Yandina Research Center<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">If
the Yandina Research Center have been destroyed, <b>at least 80 % of the
coconut palm planted remains alive, and something should be done to recover
this rich heritage</b></span>. Nowadays, making a similar coconut collection by
importation from other countries would <b>cost several USD millions</b>.<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In Solomon, Rennell was the only island really
prospected (around 400 palms in Yandina germplasm collected in 1961, 1965, and
1966, and sent later to many countries). All of the other islands need further surveys prospection, because the germplasm is insufficiently characterized and because,
it is threatened by different factors (see rising for atolls, beetle, diseases and globalization).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Extracts
from the Annual Report February 1963-August 1964, British Solomon Island
Protectorate Department of Agriculture in collaboration with Lever’s Pacific
Plantations PTY LTD Join Coconut Research Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Chapter E: introduced varieties<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><u><span lang="EN-GB">Markham</span></u></st1:placename><u><span lang="EN-GB"> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Valley</st1:placetype></span></u></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">. 50
seedlings from the 64 nuts received in October 1960 were successfully
established in Banika Field N°15, adjacent to plots 3 and 4 OF JAS/2 on <st1:date day="24" month="3" w:st="on" year="1961">March 24, 1961</st1:date>. These have
grown well and have received annual dressings of nitrogen and potash
fertilisers, and in the last two years magnesium and phosphate have also been
applied. The leaf production has been recorded annually.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB">Rotuma</span></u><span lang="EN-GB">. 90
seedlings from the 100 nuts received in November 1960 were planted out just
west of plot 3 of JAC/2 on <st1:date day="22" month="5" w:st="on" year="1961">22nd
May 1961</st1:date>, but 24 did not survive. 50 became well established and
the remainders are doing poorly due to patches of stony soil in the area where
they were planted. These palms have received the same fertilisers as the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Markham</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Valley</st1:placetype></st1:place> palms and are recorded in the
same way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB">Gilbert</span></u><span lang="EN-GB">. 49
nuts were collected near the Government Station on Betio, <st1:place w:st="on">Tarawa</st1:place>
atoll in July 1962) They germinated very slowly indeed, but 36 had reached a
stage suitable for planting out in June 1963. These seedlings were planted
adjacent to plots 24 and 40, on the western side of the Replanting Cultivation
Experiment at Banika. They have grown slowly and have suffered severe leaf
damage from a fungal organism, probably a <u>Helminthosporium</u> species. The
seedlings have been sprayed regularly each fortnight with a copper fungicide
but the spread of the organism has not been fully arrested. The soil where
these palms are planted is heavy clay and the lack of vigour of the seedlings
probably indicates that they are not adapted to this soil type.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB">Rangiroa</span></u><span lang="EN-GB">. 95
nuts were received from the IRHO Research Station at Rangiroa in the <st1:place w:st="on">Tuamotu Archipelago</st1:place> in March 1963. These were open
pollinated seed from 15 selected mother palms, which produced nuts of high
copra content. These nuts were planted out into Banika Field 10 on <st1:date day="16" month="10" w:st="on" year="1963">October 16, 1963</st1:date>. Each
seedling is marked with a dropper bearing the number of the mother palm. These
palms have also been attacked by a <u>Helminthosporium</u> fungus, which
produces necrotic spots on the leaves. These spots enlarge rapidly and a leaf
can be entirely destroyed in a few weeks. Experience with control measures has
been similar to that with the Gilbertese seedlings. Once again the soil is
heavy clay and it seems that poor palm health is related to adaptation.
Seedlings of the Rennell variety planted in an adjacent area, and which are of
about the same age, show little or no evidence of fungus attack. 118 nuts from
the same mother palms were received in March 1964. They have germinated
satisfactorily and are ready for planting out at the time of writings. They will
be planted on a sandy coralline soil in the Lever Point area and it is hoped
they will do better than those planted on clay soil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB">Spicata (Ngohara Tapala</span></u><span lang="EN-GB">). This is the Roviana language name for palms which bear spicata
bunches, i.e. bunches, on which the central stem is unbranched and the female
flowers are all borne along this one stem. Few male flowers are all borne along
this one stem. Few male flowers are present. 5 nuts were collected from such a
palm at Munda, in April 1963, and the seedlings planted out on <st1:date day="6" month="4" w:st="on" year="1964">6th April 1964</st1:date>, on the east
side of the Replanting Cultivation Experiment adjacent to plot 17. The
germination and early growth was very slow but all five seedlings are now
growing well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB">Niu Leka</span></u><span lang="EN-GB">. 204 nuts of this variety were received from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fiji</st1:place></st1:country-region> in September
1963. They germinated well and 135 were planted in Banika N°. 10, west of the
Fiji Hybrid Dwarf palms on <st1:date day="11" ls="trans" month="6" w:st="on" year="64"><st1:date day="11" ls="trans" month="6" w:st="on" year="1964">11/6/64</st1:date>.</st1:date>
25 further seedlings were planted adjacent to plots 3 and 5 of JAS/1 in the
Loavie New Development area on <st1:date day="11" ls="trans" month="8" w:st="on" year="64"><st1:date day="11" ls="trans" month="8" w:st="on" year="1964">11/8/64</st1:date>.</st1:date><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB">Malayan Dwarf</span></u><span lang="EN-GB">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">(a) 211 nuts of this variety were received
from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fiji</st1:place></st1:country-region>
in September 1963. These and the Niu Leka seed came from Mua estate on Taveuni.
Germination of the Malayan Dwarf was very poor indeed and no satisfactory
explanation for this can be arrived at. Only a small percentage of those that
failed to germinate had begun to do so and subsequently died. 40 % of all the
nuts had gone rotten. Since these nuts were harvested from the palms, under the
supervision of staff from the Fiji Department of Agriculture, they have left <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fiji</st1:place></st1:country-region> in good
condition. The delay from time of harvesting to arrival in the Solomons was
less than a month. Perhaps these buts succumbed to a too high temperature on
board ship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">54 Malayan Dwarfs were planted out in
Banika N° 10 between lines of Niu Leka Palms and 28 were planted in Loavie New
Development adjacent to plots 2 and 4 of JAS/1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB">Malayan Dwarfs</span></u><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">(b) Negotiations are in hand at the present
time to import 1000 Malayan Dwarf seeds from <st1:place w:st="on">Malaya</st1:place>
itself. These will be received towards the end of 1964 and will consist of 50 %
red, 25 % yellow and 25 % green dwarf nuts. The nuts will come by sea being
trans-shipped in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Sydney</st1:place></st1:city>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB">Malayan Dwarfs</span></u><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">(c) A number of palms that appear to be
true Red Malayan Dwarfs have been located in the Solomons. Nuts are being
collected from these palms and all which breed true to the red colour, as
observed in the nursery, will be planted out for comparison with the imported
dwarf material. It is anticipated that Malayan dwarfs will play an important
part in the future breeding program to provide improved planting material.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Extracts
from the Annual Report August 1964-July 1965, British Solomon Island
Protectorate Department of Agriculture in collaboration with Lever’s Pacific
Plantations PTY LTD Join Coconut Research Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Page 24:<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
Banika n</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;">°</span><span lang="EN-GB">10, Niu Leka Green and Malayan Dwarf from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Nua Estate</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Fiji</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Page 25, Point B: Introduced varieties<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Some of the Rotuman palms (see page 25 of
the last report) had begun flowering before they were 4 years in the field.
None of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Markham</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Valley</st1:placetype></st1:place> palms has flowered
yet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">SPICATA Nuts were collected from four palms
with the "Spicata" flower character on <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Rennell</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype></st1:place>
in October 1964. About 25 palms from these have been established on the east
side of plots 17 and 32 of the Replanting Cultivation Experiment at Banika, and
in the Genealogical Block 1 on Yandina Estate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">VANIKORO. Some palms on <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Vanikoro</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype></st1:place>,
in the Eastern Solomons, bear a large number of small nuts, which are reported
to have high copra content for their size. 30 nuts were collected from there in
October 1964 and 20 seedlings from these have been established adjacent to plot
16 of the Replanting Cultivation Experiment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">MALAYAN DWARFS. 1. Two shipments of nuts
from dwarf palms on Torkington Estate, Sabak Bernam, <st1:place w:st="on">Malaya</st1:place>,
were imported in early 1965. In all, 538 nuts were obtained; these coming from
selected high yielding green, yellow and red dwarf palms. The germination from
the first group, which took 74 days to reach here from <st1:place w:st="on">Malaya</st1:place>,
has been about 50 %. The second group, which are still germinating, was 47 days
on the way, and already over 60 % have germinated. Further shipments of nuts
are planned, to bring the total number imported up to 1000. Shipment via <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Sydney</st1:place></st1:city> can be made only
during the Australian summer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">2. Groves of Malayan dwarf palms from seed
imported from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fiji</st1:place></st1:country-region>
were established on two plantations on San Cristoval Island before the Pacific
war. About 200 nuts from these palms were obtained in January 1965. 100
seedlings have now been established inter-planted with some Rennell palms in
Banika Field 10, and in the Genealogical Block at Yandina, for observation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">3. There is a small number of young Malayan
Dwarf type palms at the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Agricultural</st1:placename>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Training</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">College</st1:placetype></st1:place>
near <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Honiara</st1:place></st1:city>. A
group of seedlings has been established in the Genealogical Block from seed of
these palms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">4. About 30 old palms bearing small red
fruit and with a somewhat dwarfish habit are growing on Faiami Estate in the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Russell</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Islands</st1:placename></st1:place>. A small group of seedlings
exhibiting the red colour factor, from nuts of these palms, has also been
established in the Genealogical Block.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-GB">CEYLON</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">
TALLS. Sixty nuts were obtained from Letchemy Estate in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ceylon</st1:place></st1:country-region> and
these arrived in March 1965. They began germinating in May and at the time of
writing; over 80 % have germinated. These will provide a useful link between
our work and that of the Ceylon Coconut Research Institute.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Extracts
from the Annual Report August 1970-July 1971, British Solomon Island
Protectorate Department of Agriculture in collaboration with Lever’s Pacific Plantations
PTY LTD Join Coconut Research Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Page 3:<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In October 1970, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The laboratory of Yandina was destroyed by fire...Duplicates of records
have been obtained in part from various sources but detail has been
sacrificed... a considerable loss of valuable research materials was inevitably
sustained in the fire.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Page 25:<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(255, 242, 204); text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crosses Niu Leka x Malayan Dwarf made by
Marechal in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fiji</st1:place></st1:country-region>
in 1926. 315 palms reputed F3 generations were planted in Banika Plot 10 during
March 1956. 150 palms were poisoned off and replacement (F4) planted during
1966. F4 was obtained from the 12 highest yielding palms of the original
introduction. Used from 1965 to 1971 to produce hybrids with local tall by
assisted pollination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Page 27:<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">54 palms of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Bellona</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype></st1:place>
planted in Banika 10 in 1957. Are said to be similar to RIT. Planting of
Rennell Tall in 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><span lang="EN-GB">Markham</span></st1:placename><span lang="EN-GB"> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Valley</st1:placetype></span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">: 50
seedlings from 64 nuts received in October 1960 were planted in Block 15,
Banika Estate, during March 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Rotuman: 100 seednuts received in November
1960 and 90 Seedlings planted in Block 15, Banika Estate during May 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Page 19:<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Spicata Dwarf Seednuts received in 1968
from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Guinea</st1:place></st1:country-region>
and planted in 1969 in GB1 (genealogical block 1, Yandina Estate).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Extracts
from the Annual Report August 1970-July 1971, British Solomon Island
Protectorate Department of Agriculture in collaboration with Lever’s Pacific
Plantations PTY LTD Join Coconut Research Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Chapter 8: Seed Supply and Breeding Programme<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB">….
</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB">The Lingatu/Ilua area of FMS palms actually
contains, on count, FMS/LT hybrids to the extent of 8.1%. There is some
evidence and enough to justify the attempt to increase the hybrid proportion,
that the FMS/LT hybrid is higher yielding and more precocious than either
parent is. (Section 10).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The practice of selecting the 30% largest
nuts ensured, to a large extent, that most of the seed parents would be FMS.
Because the size of the block (1,146 acres) limits the possible outcrossing
with LT, the progenies would, therefore, contain only slightly over the
original 8.1% hybrids.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Random-gathered seed from the Lingatu/Ilua
area shows, at least, 28.8% hybrid progenies. As the hybrid material is shown
to outyield the parent FMS, seed is now being collected on a random basis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Open pollinated seed are also being
collected from an individually recorded experimental block, planted with size
unselected seed from Lingatu/Ilua. This block, of course, contains FMS and
FMS/LT. Seed are only being collected from what are, visually, pure FMS. As the
block is surrounded by LT, the collected seed will contain FMS/FMS, FMS/LT and
FMS/hybrid. The hybrid proportion in this seed should increase to 40-45% as
opposed to the 8-10% from size-selected seed and 28-30% from size unselected
seed from Lingatu/Ilua. It would, of course, be possible to the FMS palms, but
this approach is not being used as the palms are in an established experiment,
and there is insufficient knowledge of the effects of emasculation on yield.
This is being studied. Collection from this source commenced in September 1965,
and when the block is in full production, some 32,000-36,000 seed will become
available annually.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">There is, also, a small block of NL/MD
palms. This young block, as it stood, average just on 14 cwt. dry copra in its
8th year. The worst 50% of these palms were poisoned, the best palms being kept
for the very long-term programme and progeny testing; 149 very high yielding
palms became available as seed parents. These are being emasculated, thus
forcing outcrossing with LT and R (a few of which are in the vicinity). This
programme was started at the end of June 1965, and the first of this seed has
been collected. It has been found, that though one worker could control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">…/…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Seed blocks, using yellow MD (Note:
corrected manually by de Nucé de Lamothe: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“No,
RED”)</b> as the seed parents are being established under LT, FMS and R. palms.
The yellow MD was chosen because a source of supply is available in the
protectorate at Kira Kira on <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">San
Cristobal</st1:place></st1:city>, and we had decided not to import from other
parts. (Section 5). A colour marker gene is also present, thus enabling the
hybrids to be identified in the nursery. The hybrid R.LT would also be
available from the first of the seed blocks planted. (See below).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Each of these Blocks is designed to supply
the total requirements of the scheme, and when the best cross, for local
conditions, has been found, the remaining blocks will be returned to Estate
production. In effect, they will be considered as part of the LPPPL replanting
programme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">There was insufficient Rennell Talls at
Yandina for the establishment of the R/MD seed block. Consequently, 6,000 seed
were obtained directly from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Rennell</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype></st1:place> at the end of
April 1965. This R/MD block cuts back from the seashore into an old stand of
LT. A band of, at least, 5 rows wide of R has been planted around the 90 acre
(approx.) block, and in most places, is much wider where extra palms have been
planted to fit in with roads, cattle fences etc.... A total of 3,425 R palms
were planted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The first consignment of yellow MD was
received at the end of November 1965, with a second in February 1966.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Extracts
from the Review of the breeding programme 1971-1974, British Solomon Island
Protectorate Department of Agriculture in collaboration with Lever’s Pacific
Plantations PTY LTD Join Coconut Research Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Chapter F p 26: MALAYAN<u> DWARF</u><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Both seednuts and pollen of CV MD have been
introduced from time to time. All three colour forms, viz. red (<u>nana</u>
form <u>regia</u>), yellow (<u>nana</u> form <u>eburnea</u>) and green (<u>nana</u>
form <u>pumila</u>). (Manthriratna 1973), are represented. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The first seednuts (RMD) were introduced
before the Pacific War and planted at Kira Kira, San Cristobal Island (KK). No
details of the block are available but presumably they were introduced with a
view to improving commercial copra production.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">A second group was found growing at Kukum
(K) on <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Guadalcanal</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype></st1:place>. Again, virtually
nothing is known about these palms. Kukum was, however, an agricultural centre
and it is possible that the seednuts were collected from Kira Kira and planted
for observation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In 1964 and 1965, RMD, GMD and YMD seednuts
were imported from <st1:place w:st="on">Malaya</st1:place>. The mother palms
were selected on Torkington Estate. In 1965 a consignment of RMD was received
from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fiji</st1:place></st1:country-region>
(JCRS <st1:phone o:ls="trans" w:st="on">1967-8</st1:phone>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Seednuts from a spicata form of RMD were
imported from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Papua New
Guinea</st1:place></st1:country-region> in 1969 (JCRS 1969).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Spicata form: In 1969, 82 spicata dwarfs
were imported from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Papua New
Guinea</st1:place></st1:country-region> (JCRS 1969). In a later list these
are separated into spicata dwarfs and spicata hybrids, with 49 of the former
and 23 of the latter having been planted (M.J. Todd unpublished report
1971..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No further information is
available on the hybrids.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In 1974, 33 of the 34 survivors were
showing spicata form. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Chapter
F p 29: MARKHAM VALLEY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Sixty-four seednuts of CV MV were imported
from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Papua New Guinea</st1:place></st1:country-region>
in November 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Chapter
G p 30: <u>ROTUMAN</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">One hundred Rotuman seednuts were imported
from IRHO in November 1960<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">H. GILBERTESE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Seednuts were collected from Tall palms
growing on <st1:place w:st="on">Tarawa</st1:place> atoll (Gilbert and <st1:place w:st="on">Ellice Islands</st1:place>) in 1963.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I. RANGIROA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Two consignments of RAN seednuts were
received from the IRHO Research Station Rangiroa. They were the open pollinated
seed of 15 selected palms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Ninety-five nuts were imported in 1963 and
118 in 1964. Two populations were established. (JCRS 1964/5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">J. NIU LEKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In 1963 seednuts of this <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fiji</st1:place></st1:country-region> dwarf palm
were received from Nua Estate (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Fiji</st1:place></st1:country-region>).
Over 200 seednuts were imported and from these 135 palms were established in
Block B10 and 23 near experiment JAS1. The latter group has not been recorded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">K. <st1:place w:st="on">CHRISTMAS ISLAND</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Two hundred and thirty seednuts were
imported from <st1:place w:st="on">Christmas Island</st1:place> (<st1:place w:st="on">Line Islands</st1:place> group) in 1965.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">L. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">CEYLON</st1:place></st1:country-region> TALL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Sixty seednuts of CV C were received from
Letchemy Estate <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ceylon</st1:place></st1:country-region>
(<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>)
in 1964. Fifty-three seedlings were established in three small plots.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">From Joint Coconut Research Scheme, review
of breeding programme <st1:phone o:ls="trans" w:st="on">1971-1974</st1:phone>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Spicata Form: In 1964 5 palms were
established in B9 (Banika Estate) from local tall found at Munda in the western
Solomons. By 1974 1 palm died and 3 were showing spicata habit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Page 21: The discovery of the large fruited
Rennell cultivar was probably the most significant in the plant breeding work
at Yandina. The first palms of this type were taken to Yandina from Bellona in
1957. There is no evidence that palms grown from seednuts from Bellona differ
significantly from those grown from seednuts from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Rennell</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype></st1:place>.
True Rennell are however regarded as that growing inland on Rennell island.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">True Rennell were introduced and planted in
B10 (207 palms planted 1961, 180 remaining in 1974., and Lever Point (1965 and
1966, 263 palms planted and alive in 1974. and also in GB1 (158 palms planted
in 1968). There are also planted in variety trials JAS1, JRS4 and JRS6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Page 22: Spicata form: 17 palms established
in B9 during 1964, from Spicata Rennell Palms (??????). In 1974 6 shows the
spicata habit. 26 other palms established in GB1 in 1965, 5 remaining showing
spicata habit in 1974.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Vanikoro: 30 nuts collected from the island
in October 1964. 20 palms planted in B9, 17 alive in 1974.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Samoan Tall and FMS (Federated Malayan
States) said to be introduced before the war. 95 FMS planted in 1965 in LP, 71
in 1967 in GB1, 1536 in 1961 in JAS2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">From </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols";">A</span><span lang="EN-GB">A list of
the experiments conducted in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Russell</st1:placename>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Islands</st1:placename></st1:place>, British Solomon
Island Protectorate, by what is now the Joint Coconut research Scheme In:
Coconut Research in the South Pacific Region, <st1:phone o:ls="trans" w:st="on">1960-1965</st1:phone>,
Technical information Paper n</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;">°</span><span lang="EN-GB">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">- There is FMS (Federated Malayan States
Tall) planted in 1924 at 69 per acre in Lingatu block 4, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Russell</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Islands</st1:placename></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Faiami estate: Solomon Island Tall planted
about 1915 at 69 per acre.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-82489095607124956992018-03-12T19:26:00.001-07:002018-03-17T16:42:07.069-07:00CIDP and World Heritage Program in Rennell Island<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB">We decided to visit the Rennel Island
because of the variety called<a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/images/publications/catalog/countries/Solomon_Islands_243-247.pdf" target="_blank"> “Rennel Island Tall”</a> which is famous. This variety originates from the Tengano lake, site now
classified as <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/854/" target="_blank"><b>World Heritage</b></a>. <o:p></o:p></span>The expert meet M. George Tauika
(vaijorgelyn@gmail.com), local Chairman of the Lake Tengano World Heritage Program.
George was informed about the history and importance of the <a href="http://www.cogentnetwork.org/images/publications/catalog/countries/Solomon_Islands_243-247.pdf" target="_blank">Rennell Island Tall variety</a>, and suggestion was made to include conservation of this coconut
variety in the world heritage program. Presently villagers are starting a
project with Birdlife international, an NGO based in Fiji, in order to reduce
the population of a rat introduced in 2007 through the logging activities. The
rat both eats young coconuts, plants growing in gardens and wild birds eggs.
The project will start on July 2018. From 2013, World heritage added the
Tengano lake in the list of endangered sites, because of excessive logging,
mining and invasive species (rat).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuespp7UEQxL8SzUguALB34dCPDIeGNLtr9AthM-K3gQIBnsZZruoXKfMbZG-YIzCh86xrwqXO4ut5PnN8_Cpf_54XnOFNvMYvWIxQdSZZrdk0UR_Y8-ZT2suIP0FATMzKvw3hZ-m7M5c/s1600/Tengano+lake+many+islands.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="1223" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuespp7UEQxL8SzUguALB34dCPDIeGNLtr9AthM-K3gQIBnsZZruoXKfMbZG-YIzCh86xrwqXO4ut5PnN8_Cpf_54XnOFNvMYvWIxQdSZZrdk0UR_Y8-ZT2suIP0FATMzKvw3hZ-m7M5c/s400/Tengano+lake+many+islands.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some of the 111 islands of the lake</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>They are 111 islands into the Tengano lake.</b>
Many of them having coconut palms, from only one in some islands up to about
one hundred. In the past, Polynesians visited more frequently and occasionally
inhabited some of these small islands. <b>A new hypothesis is that such strong
fragmentation of the landscape could have play a role in the creation of the
Rennell Island Tall variety.</b> Each island provide at least a partial
reproductive isolation, helping to breed, obtain and conserve different kinds
of coconut palms. The Rennell Island Tall <b>may have appeared on one of these 111
islands</b> in the Tengano Lake.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Here, it seems interesting to return to one
of the conclusions of the <a href="https://lrd.spc.int/our-work/genetic-resources/centre-for-pacific-crops-and-trees/polymotu-conserves-special-coconut-varieties-in-the-pacific"><b>Polymotu
project conducted in Samoa</b></a> by SPC, CIRAD and the Ministry of Agriculture.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHa1B7n9p61CDzMK5dewGqyPlHg3T_zNqBK6HDACCQPyfToj_5GNzRnXOG-vs7Y814wrBrIWW1lb9ys19lEfuBpFg3Vz8fIN3WoLcmi_GM34uGrFMSHQfe_75MG2ulXmiHrxh2r_f5ds/s1600/20180305140424+ws+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1296" data-original-width="1341" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHa1B7n9p61CDzMK5dewGqyPlHg3T_zNqBK6HDACCQPyfToj_5GNzRnXOG-vs7Y814wrBrIWW1lb9ys19lEfuBpFg3Vz8fIN3WoLcmi_GM34uGrFMSHQfe_75MG2ulXmiHrxh2r_f5ds/s320/20180305140424+ws+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tengano lake</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“The project has generated a new crucial
approach regarding the environmental management of the numerous small islands
existing in the Pacific region. <b>Many of these small islands were inhabited a
century ago, but then people migrated to the mainland</b>. The management of these
islands was then reduced and the vegetation evolved without control. <b>Even if
some of these islands look now “wild”, they are not. They result from the
progressive degradation of cultivated ecosystems</b>. In many small islands, some
of the useful plants brought by islanders became invasive: for instance some of
the coconut palms in Nu’usafe’e and Fau (Hibiscus tiliaeus) in Fanuatapu. These
islands should not be managed anymore as “wild” locations. Some local plant
species should be favored; some other species should be controlled and
sometimes removed from these islands.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.5pt;" valign="top" width="566"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><a href="http://polymotu.blogspot.com/">Do
not repeat the same things in all your islands!</a> </b>Taking into account the
fragmentation of landscape and the high number of islands availaible, <b>our
recommendation is to apply different management to different islands</b>. Some
island could focus on the conservation of rare endemic plants; some other
islands could be let fully natural; and may be 10 well-chosen islands should
be devoted to conservation of coconut palms varieties or populations. For
instance, an island could be progressively replanted with palms of the
Rennell variety, but only those of green colour and presenting a prominent
nipple at the terminal part of their fruits; some other islands could be
planted with palms of brown colour with roundish shape, etc… This is a possible
application of the <b><a href="http://polymotu.blogspot.com/">Polymotu concept</a>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW3dkvM1cVpI17oSmsxHz-tk8gpZAhAaeZbD0YyHj0ujoqYM66I_cd0izKlwTgjCRAScp3DHSryxkCA1X_A_UnMPmovXj96n9AL4VRzCYJQ76PQBOfMFL8ibDDJGyKYWCxlpIXDjZguks/s1600/Sans+titre-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="318" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW3dkvM1cVpI17oSmsxHz-tk8gpZAhAaeZbD0YyHj0ujoqYM66I_cd0izKlwTgjCRAScp3DHSryxkCA1X_A_UnMPmovXj96n9AL4VRzCYJQ76PQBOfMFL8ibDDJGyKYWCxlpIXDjZguks/s320/Sans+titre-1.jpg" width="132" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tengano lake</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In Rennell, oral history back to 26
generations – so about 600 to 800 years. The Polynesians came from Wallis and
Futuna. A chief named Kaituu killed all the precedent inhabitants called Hiti
(of devils) with a big coconut tree – So was coconut here before Polynesians?
We rent a room in the village of Niu Pani. According to M. Paungahenua Tahua,
in charge of internet management at Niu Pani, this name means “Cut coconut” –
named after a land dispute during which people destroyed all the coconut palms
planted in this land. In Polynesian tradition, coconut palms mark the ownership of the land...<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Practical tip:</b> Travelers and tourists going
to Tengano Lake are sometimes subject to a scam attempt to charge 2,000 SBD for
a one-way trip to the lake. It is true that the track is very bad, but this
price is excessive because the lake is located about 55 km from the airport. It
is possible to negotiate at 1000 SBD or less. <b>A very good solution is to ask to
everybody on the plane if they want to go to the lake</b>, and share the costs. We travelled
with a charming Japanese tourist. The best place to stay for professionals is close to the school in Niu Pani, a very very basic “accommodation”, sleep on a braided mat like a real traditional Polynesian, but electric power for
charging drone and good internet connection available all day long!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<b>Reference</b><br />
<a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/events/1283/" target="_blank">Stakeholders consultation meeting on East Rennell - 1 to 2 February 2016.</a><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD39CZsjZl7Y5LULmvcrz8FgjGyI8FCBeYGv2H3iO30vmZqyICU5tBnqvRlxSGwLVykrooOt9ZGZoPLBkB9yok8f0WBojhO_ojyKoU9vHH0fvnE4Y6dnpiq4n-6IafsazfDF8YyNtu36U/s1600/20180305173615+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1046" data-original-width="1600" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD39CZsjZl7Y5LULmvcrz8FgjGyI8FCBeYGv2H3iO30vmZqyICU5tBnqvRlxSGwLVykrooOt9ZGZoPLBkB9yok8f0WBojhO_ojyKoU9vHH0fvnE4Y6dnpiq4n-6IafsazfDF8YyNtu36U/s400/20180305173615+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The bird and the wooden cat - Tengano lake</td></tr>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-32011895357437612582018-03-11T12:11:00.002-07:002018-03-12T13:02:07.691-07:00Preparation of the training package in Solomon Islands<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="font-size: x-large;">Mother palm selection</b><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB">From the 2000's, the Ministry of Agriculture is no longer releasing seednuts of seedlings to farmers. Thus, selection of parent palms in only done by the farmers themselves. Taking into account the relative high number of coconut hybrids (MRDxRIT) in the country, farmers very probably harvest many seednuts on hybrids, and this is not a good practice. Please visit sections related to mother palms selection and hybrids in the website.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Nursery management</b></span></div>
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Searching to visit a farmer Coconut nursery, not yet found. <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Ministry of Agriculture is not managing any coconut nursery. </span>On the other hand, <b>we visited an oil palm plantation very well managed by a private company</b>. We saw immense nurseries managed professionally, young oil palms plantation well protected against the beetle. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbz97yCk9k8eRIoQRIdtADkhqP8RBKZyEKlHFIEpHJ3PuNds5V34k74o0gtLmrOW9gzap5JhgdqGb7LRgLCPUF9Nm-fEZoJrE9rneR9QRZV5zfOPKfulvQRYAkcc5CoxP0vWbaz_ARp9M/s1600/20180302113753+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="1600" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbz97yCk9k8eRIoQRIdtADkhqP8RBKZyEKlHFIEpHJ3PuNds5V34k74o0gtLmrOW9gzap5JhgdqGb7LRgLCPUF9Nm-fEZoJrE9rneR9QRZV5zfOPKfulvQRYAkcc5CoxP0vWbaz_ARp9M/s400/20180302113753+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
They have an good multi-approach management of the beetle and they tell that during one month, they collected up to <b>15 tons of larva and beetles. </b>Fertilization is managed by regular foliar diagnosis made in New Zealand. Palms receive in average 3 kg of mineral fertilizers per year, when Pacific islanders often told us that using such quantity of fertilizers is not affordable and not economically profitable. </div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Our visit to oil palms nurseries and plantations demonstrated that all the required technology is fully available in the Solomon islands to make high yielding coconut plantations, such as those visited by the expert in Brazil, producing 160 to 180 mature fruits per palm per year. Technology is in the hand of private companies presently planting only oil palm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Farming systems, harvest and post-harvest</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3H0b8OAbzA_kNxbupgFzXEh1tJ8BXR5h16KFsLfWJIhOp0iMhHoZEBRYNPkTcYMEta0KSxQufCJDOMKuR25h6ZtFLkAsboXBGRoezSjzzhBRSCpENDck81GbTqM6juvtoU0uBCRb10X8/s1600/20180302114728+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1138" data-original-width="1600" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3H0b8OAbzA_kNxbupgFzXEh1tJ8BXR5h16KFsLfWJIhOp0iMhHoZEBRYNPkTcYMEta0KSxQufCJDOMKuR25h6ZtFLkAsboXBGRoezSjzzhBRSCpENDck81GbTqM6juvtoU0uBCRb10X8/s200/20180302114728+%25281%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
On hundreds of hectares, the oil palm plantation also had implanted a cover plant fixing nitrogen, <i>Pueraria Javanica</i>. It well demonstrates that 1) this cover crop can grow very well in the Solomon and 2) They succeeded to solve the question of sourcing the seeds of this plant cover: in fact they do not use anymore seeds, they developped and use a cuttings technique. They experienced Mucuna but found it too aggressive, sometimes completely covering all the young palms.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2RhQw6l920rws5uQoNYRHH4t2IvexzXzbmbl0-5-bKYvJ85Obc3U66T4G8pa4i_JyJ3tPDIV9YWZiYJRjQgyTosea3pD2B6lzqpldCVxfVCCjIRKfEI-KMudLhTCh-I7IzF-vJtpYMK0/s1600/DSC00069.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1006" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2RhQw6l920rws5uQoNYRHH4t2IvexzXzbmbl0-5-bKYvJ85Obc3U66T4G8pa4i_JyJ3tPDIV9YWZiYJRjQgyTosea3pD2B6lzqpldCVxfVCCjIRKfEI-KMudLhTCh-I7IzF-vJtpYMK0/s400/DSC00069.JPG" width="250" /></a>Association with cocoa is widely practiced. Farmers are using coconut husk for protecting and nurturing young tree crops such as young avocado or cocoa trees, but they do not use it for young coconut palm, as this is often practiced in Sri Lanka for instance.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieiyIIPIAZ7XCGUDPHcmOxOQGBXC1C7Rz52U1adPzLQG5hunF-8FlFFD9cIs5j7Thfc5BWja4WSyqJWvR3P-O2LTnO1RTxHYS9DrZ8C4YlFcTtxvKHIAfaUYAXPB2GH9NwHu67TqI9TAs/s1600/DSC00130.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieiyIIPIAZ7XCGUDPHcmOxOQGBXC1C7Rz52U1adPzLQG5hunF-8FlFFD9cIs5j7Thfc5BWja4WSyqJWvR3P-O2LTnO1RTxHYS9DrZ8C4YlFcTtxvKHIAfaUYAXPB2GH9NwHu67TqI9TAs/s400/DSC00130.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
Husks are also sometimes let in heap in the plantation - all the husks from a large zone grouped in one place serving to extract the kernel. In Honaria, large heap of coconut husk resulting from coconut sellers activities are bordering the main road: at less than 50 m there are plantations of bananas but nobody have the idea to use the coconut husk around banana trees as fertilizers. Public awareness about the value of coconut husk as fertilizers is to be developed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2MfyB2QQwZLsnDzqdJKV_jkmQwqBmtDtzBEKb4wyAr6ISelRGr3wE16lErd4ovtVWqCH9gVFEZYF-i4LS6GGuLibr7GcrKAXSaHJtNJJOewHCXvANuDub33kju7iGfr0_B55Xa59mQII/s1600/DSC00131.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1049" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2MfyB2QQwZLsnDzqdJKV_jkmQwqBmtDtzBEKb4wyAr6ISelRGr3wE16lErd4ovtVWqCH9gVFEZYF-i4LS6GGuLibr7GcrKAXSaHJtNJJOewHCXvANuDub33kju7iGfr0_B55Xa59mQII/s200/DSC00131.JPG" width="130" /></a></div>
Dry leaves are often used to secure and maintain the paths of the plantation.<br />
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<b style="font-size: x-large;">Treating the “Lazy” coconut palms</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVYB0AQohoFDHg_SQISx_7gY4aayG3bhIlZlMaYDbVBe2tBpO-tx9wLA_M8Riy_F5P0eVoypNUQHZvImtDNG3ca7Jc_btU8nRp_J8FCRQLDTx4U35HZqs9Losf65Jr3OybWkk1YChugT0/s1600/DSC00098-ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1334" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVYB0AQohoFDHg_SQISx_7gY4aayG3bhIlZlMaYDbVBe2tBpO-tx9wLA_M8Riy_F5P0eVoypNUQHZvImtDNG3ca7Jc_btU8nRp_J8FCRQLDTx4U35HZqs9Losf65Jr3OybWkk1YChugT0/s200/DSC00098-ws.JPG" width="166" /></a>In Rennell Island, we met twice an old practice consisting in harming the stems (trunks) at about 150 cm height from the ground, by removing an external cylinder of about 20 cm width and 3 cm thick.. Elders from Rennell Island advised to apply such treatment to “lazy” coconut palms that produces only a few fruits or that suffers premature abortion of young fruits. This harming supposed to increase the production of the palm. We already meet a similar practice once, in North Mozambique: local tribes are practicing holes of about 15 cm wide, completely traversing the stem of the coconut palms considered as “lazy”.<br />
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Although this technique may have an effect, because practiced by two groups from very different regions, the expert does not advice to apply it. In Rennell as in Mozambique, most of the palms that received this treatment seems located close to houses in the villages. The palms may fall more easily in case of cyclones.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ApdLZpxViofOg0hLxz77WnadZ5WY19ql4TMZUXjqUuqF-JvJ_BSGPmnSQcIda8rOmV6MIGfkZIN_37Cz-_VLc9yVZdfSVK2fjWwjWUwGgyQQywbew4ig27mU6dfpyiabCUq-bADxoHU/s1600/DSC00122.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="950" data-original-width="1600" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ApdLZpxViofOg0hLxz77WnadZ5WY19ql4TMZUXjqUuqF-JvJ_BSGPmnSQcIda8rOmV6MIGfkZIN_37Cz-_VLc9yVZdfSVK2fjWwjWUwGgyQQywbew4ig27mU6dfpyiabCUq-bADxoHU/s400/DSC00122.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Rennell Island, Solomon</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjelpubDvkSh2ehU_jdA-SKNHLjvd0UVWOEAhoS6pikNFw1hP_h8DP3Zs1wdx3KGcUp8EOTj7JrFOi4rr4V8OZ-NaHHXmtaaTBNkY79ODEATvnW0fzU_sqZLk4gg_CC3U8r0PWhKpQhpyD8/s1600/a+web+Image04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="850" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjelpubDvkSh2ehU_jdA-SKNHLjvd0UVWOEAhoS6pikNFw1hP_h8DP3Zs1wdx3KGcUp8EOTj7JrFOi4rr4V8OZ-NaHHXmtaaTBNkY79ODEATvnW0fzU_sqZLk4gg_CC3U8r0PWhKpQhpyD8/s1600/a+web+Image04.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><div style="font-size: 12.8px;">
<a href="http://coconut-art.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Cabo del Gado, Mozambique</a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTtG-4iVh_qfWGqBD8_GP-Vixv2PW4lJlMo60TsBYMNiZ53B_5nP_VND4QVMmBgJ6YYSUKqw8sK2UXldp_Kn492Asxv6bL4TaeM57mbJaCv6M5h_PELfchahVszy7bl7xuQcu12rwZg2_J/s1600/a+web+IMAGE2601.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="850" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTtG-4iVh_qfWGqBD8_GP-Vixv2PW4lJlMo60TsBYMNiZ53B_5nP_VND4QVMmBgJ6YYSUKqw8sK2UXldp_Kn492Asxv6bL4TaeM57mbJaCv6M5h_PELfchahVszy7bl7xuQcu12rwZg2_J/s1600/a+web+IMAGE2601.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><a href="http://coconut-art.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Cabo del Gado, Mozambique</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Possible use of an invasive alga as organic fertilizer</b></span><br />
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In Tengano Lake, Rennell Island, we were very surprised about the very low level of aquatic life. Inhabitants had to introduce Tilapia sp because the lake contained almost no fish exept eels. They eat almost exclusively Tilapia fish at a small stage (15-18 cm) that is forbidden to catch in many countries. They is no weeds except a kind of ugly pulverulent weed of yellow-green-grey color, making the water dirty. This weed seems very invasive and sometimes it deposits on the lake floor as a layer of more than one meter thick. Suggestion have been made to test this alga as an organic fertilizer for coconut palm and other crops. A solar pumping system could bring water laden with seaweed onto a sandbox for filtration; the algae would be used either directly or after drying and maceration. It might also be interesting to introduce into the lake a fresh water alga carefully chosen to feed the fish.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy6YsDKdixhhwR2kLF4cp5mEe8hlMdh47PixFXgtnEnJfUsdSWDebP5L09A1Mu0fOdHpiRvejtgyuVdR7dgwrmYtz3DRErPmnJir35BtOCIoSjolBym75cgVjvdhxZHgwDG89LnFd0e24/s1600/20180306182519+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1074" data-original-width="1527" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy6YsDKdixhhwR2kLF4cp5mEe8hlMdh47PixFXgtnEnJfUsdSWDebP5L09A1Mu0fOdHpiRvejtgyuVdR7dgwrmYtz3DRErPmnJir35BtOCIoSjolBym75cgVjvdhxZHgwDG89LnFd0e24/s400/20180306182519+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tilapia sp feeding on a coconut in Tengano lake</td></tr>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-49695728131154915852018-03-06T03:58:00.000-08:002018-03-17T16:54:34.481-07:00 Sourcing planting material in Rennell Island (4-6 March 2018)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtZtsC8-5mq4YGcROuoYudueZZI6nXhwZLe2qB_ODBYmrIzXBqxzdPu00Tavnz4o7bnyKpdi9owY6S6uEy-e2CcyzEAIwCOjL-gXiTr2GSlP0cB5brm7b9FoldnOMouLd6RAhEFsGt4Cmb/s1600/Diapositive6.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtZtsC8-5mq4YGcROuoYudueZZI6nXhwZLe2qB_ODBYmrIzXBqxzdPu00Tavnz4o7bnyKpdi9owY6S6uEy-e2CcyzEAIwCOjL-gXiTr2GSlP0cB5brm7b9FoldnOMouLd6RAhEFsGt4Cmb/s400/Diapositive6.JPG" width="400" /></a>We decided to visit the Rennel Island
because of the variety called “Rennell Island Tall” which is world-renowned.
Our objective was to assess sourcing of new planting material from the island.<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB">The former Yandina Research centre sent
this variety to many countries. <b>Rennell Island Tall is conserved in at least 10 countries and serve
(or served) as parent for many hybridization programs:</b> Fiji, Samoa, Solomon;
Vanuatu, Côte d’Ivoire and the Philippines continue to use it for production of
hybrid or synthetic varieties. According to M. Foale, the The pure variety can only be found around the Tengano Lake, now classified as world heritage.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Following the disappearance of
its Research centres, and taking into account the recent rhinoceros beetle problem, it seems that (as of 2018) the
Ministry of Agriculture of Solomon does not have any more a source of Rennell Island
Tall in Guadalcanal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<b>The coconut grove in Rennell Island
appeared in a very poor sanitary status. </b>During our visit, we estimated that
more than 60% of the palms were improductive, due to various attacks of pests
(insects and rats), putative disease, and mineral deficiencies.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Frequent aspect of palms in the Rennell with almost no fruit</td></tr>
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Around the airport and along the road to the lake, coconut palms are suffering from mineral deficiency, and in our opinion, the most important is chlorine deficiency. Palms should receive some salt and the production will increase. The second most important deficiency seems to be magnesium, but conducting foliar diagnosis analysis would help to confirm this opinion.<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><b>We strongly recommend a pest and disease
specialist to visit the Rennell Island and make conclusion about the new
putative disease and the insects involved in reducing production. Before
that, it seems risky to source again planting material from Tengano Lake.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsMS6_-6nRDhT_D1DZshv5jEFnV_3hGjMJyCfqE3jBkj6KzoqJp_2F1Y3f9pw8ZPwhuDJuSzV_3xDSpAGqcdNHKb2ThMWRBL7V4OO3m30-cILD3CkL4V6ckTC5RF4SD4yL64JHlkVnxJs/s1600/DSC00066%2527ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="985" data-original-width="1600" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsMS6_-6nRDhT_D1DZshv5jEFnV_3hGjMJyCfqE3jBkj6KzoqJp_2F1Y3f9pw8ZPwhuDJuSzV_3xDSpAGqcdNHKb2ThMWRBL7V4OO3m30-cILD3CkL4V6ckTC5RF4SD4yL64JHlkVnxJs/s320/DSC00066%2527ws.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Foliage attacks</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Villagers attributes most of the production loss to a rat recently introduced by logging activity, but we do not share this point of view. In many other countries, we saw massive rat’s attacks. In this case there are plenty of small coconut typically eaten by rats remaining in the ground. In Rennell we observed only a very few of these nuts on the ground. There are plenty of foliage attacks probably caused by insects but we did not have the opportunity to go further in their recognition – we searched without success brontispa sp. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv78dsVvFUl5-E6sRAGPTSMUIEFYy84A9xIsBdcBAzzkb1FzfcGBHVMTFvbDLUG5oIMBhcAn8PPmyZedWxtTirVhzoGkvF5Oj4Acq49CvSoOBKh6e7KRBdH7zOSIYDcLn3IRXO-MBD0pk/s1600/DSC00065-ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv78dsVvFUl5-E6sRAGPTSMUIEFYy84A9xIsBdcBAzzkb1FzfcGBHVMTFvbDLUG5oIMBhcAn8PPmyZedWxtTirVhzoGkvF5Oj4Acq49CvSoOBKh6e7KRBdH7zOSIYDcLn3IRXO-MBD0pk/s400/DSC00065-ws.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Foliage attacks<a href="https://www.google.com.sb/maps/place/11%C2%B037'44.8%22S+160%C2%B010'01.8%22E/@-11.6293039,160.1658631,268m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x0:0x0!2zMTHCsDM3JzQ1LjYiUyAxNjDCsDEwJzEwLjMiRQ!3b1!8m2!3d-11.629336!4d160.169535!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d-11.6291048!4d160.1671747?hl=fr" target="_blank"> <span style="text-align: left;">(-11.629336, 160.169535)</span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9_rR_BDw4jO8zRbc06kc2dw1FQ-ayXKD8Eyjwo0L1xGFSm55J0beo2YNpowE5iE19qtDCkO8YXDGFrf3lMa3ZCstDna7QT4MehzuB2KGZz0J6RoSgNTKmQnkTZcSGX25D4acs6EYR6k/s1600/DSC00115-ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="717" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9_rR_BDw4jO8zRbc06kc2dw1FQ-ayXKD8Eyjwo0L1xGFSm55J0beo2YNpowE5iE19qtDCkO8YXDGFrf3lMa3ZCstDna7QT4MehzuB2KGZz0J6RoSgNTKmQnkTZcSGX25D4acs6EYR6k/s320/DSC00115-ws.JPG" width="142" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In some islands of the Tengano lake, we saw
s<b>omething looking like a coconut disease.</b> Within a 2-3 years period, the stems
of the palms reduce from normal size to approximately 10 cm wide, the crown
considerably reduces, finally become yellow and the palms dye. It is a kind of<b> slow
foliar decay reminiscent of some phytoplasma-induced diseases in Sri Lanka and
India.</b> One might think that this is a phenomenon related to the rising waters, but
some close islands that seems to be exactly in the same situation continue to
host normal coconut palms. According to the villagers, this phenomenon is quite
recent and appears less than five years ago. Back to Honiara we had some
discussion with Simon Iro, who think it could be linked to rare mineral deficiencies,
some essential trace elements missing, slowly killing the palms. In this case, identifying the missing trace element by foliar diagnosis would be of crucial importance: <b>by applying a few grams of adapted fertilizer per palm, farmers will avoid their palms to dye, and will at least double the yields.</b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfBkO3vIGUGDnATCTE1AsxXjCKwi7-qc7pkFtptXizwS1dUTGuLqTk7e2KCTmxFYuK97nHIX9h5giFdpLCHIm15MTuz817uSFmff8LTyu8op1LCdLaUlbxmtO_fDVj3Akae70UeJmXvcQ/s1600/DSC00101-ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1231" data-original-width="1600" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfBkO3vIGUGDnATCTE1AsxXjCKwi7-qc7pkFtptXizwS1dUTGuLqTk7e2KCTmxFYuK97nHIX9h5giFdpLCHIm15MTuz817uSFmff8LTyu8op1LCdLaUlbxmtO_fDVj3Akae70UeJmXvcQ/s400/DSC00101-ws.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lake Tengano <a href="https://www.google.com.sb/maps/place/11%C2%B043'27.6%22S+160%C2%B025'49.5%22E/@-11.7243384,160.42932,268m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-11.724341!4d160.430417?hl=fr" target="_blank">(-11.724341, 160.430417)</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDaZaHv_XIRL_iJMjWWwbZDJWH1KkW0lJpVlogYraBLesK54rlezC2tQ5o2VqyqVugUHdpIj-qJkkq60-b-rBrbGnlwsrnXjwwLqRXOmf3rukV8pPaGIWPFF6PIMVwSY1MfCvZfmuVD-8/s1600/DSC00108-ws.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDaZaHv_XIRL_iJMjWWwbZDJWH1KkW0lJpVlogYraBLesK54rlezC2tQ5o2VqyqVugUHdpIj-qJkkq60-b-rBrbGnlwsrnXjwwLqRXOmf3rukV8pPaGIWPFF6PIMVwSY1MfCvZfmuVD-8/s400/DSC00108-ws.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lake Tengano <a href="https://www.google.ci/maps/place/11%C2%B043'27.2%22S+160%C2%B025'45.5%22E/@-11.7240691,160.427122,487m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-11.72421!4d160.429296" target="_blank">(-11.724210, 160.429296)</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtE-OenSD3D5hsz-sWw3FAoe2trH5X2IWgNR6bPiR0x1Y_3vwaQOE2-IB-vCZTidpc3z_xo03KNJMFWJPQRurqmnrN63rG6VnR9nLcWe1bH-xLoqyClnLn9Uzz3AbSzOL7fw956Q03Etk/s1600/DSC00112-ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1224" data-original-width="1600" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtE-OenSD3D5hsz-sWw3FAoe2trH5X2IWgNR6bPiR0x1Y_3vwaQOE2-IB-vCZTidpc3z_xo03KNJMFWJPQRurqmnrN63rG6VnR9nLcWe1bH-xLoqyClnLn9Uzz3AbSzOL7fw956Q03Etk/s400/DSC00112-ws.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lake Tengano <a href="https://www.google.ci/maps/place/11%C2%B043'27.2%22S+160%C2%B025'45.5%22E/@-11.7240691,160.427122,487m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-11.72421!4d160.429296" target="_blank">(-11.724210, 160.429296)</a></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
In Niu Pani, we also saw two close palms of very different stature and color, and showing exactly the same symptoms: production of a large number of flowers of which none develop into fruits. It could be caused by an insect or another pest eating the floral organs (pistils) and preventing pollination to occur. Villagers are speaking about two beetles, one very big eating the roots of the coconut palm, and one smaller who may damage the flowers, but we did not had the opportunity to see these insects.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd4OUNjehtB-yY-VkbHTqljVXcbWi3v1VEww3lPIWdGd3SDbh4Q0Izmh3UL0g5zfRAhtFGDy8zdiMOCGK_2z_deX64MYXvx7Q2FogGb9fnJWhWVsMEOFwJ8GmOdR5-bxmzgmp6aztL15c/s1600/DSC00097-ws.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1182" data-original-width="1600" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd4OUNjehtB-yY-VkbHTqljVXcbWi3v1VEww3lPIWdGd3SDbh4Q0Izmh3UL0g5zfRAhtFGDy8zdiMOCGK_2z_deX64MYXvx7Q2FogGb9fnJWhWVsMEOFwJ8GmOdR5-bxmzgmp6aztL15c/s320/DSC00097-ws.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> Niu Pani Village <a href="https://www.google.com.sb/maps/place/11%C2%B043'41.7%22S+160%C2%B025'30.1%22E/@-11.728258,160.3938395,8578m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-11.728258!4d160.425039?hl=fr" target="_blank">(-11.728258, 160.425039)</a></span></td></tr>
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Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1779275319184685195.post-40165284289492177302018-02-28T23:32:00.001-08:002019-09-04T11:37:27.364-07:00How many seednuts to plant one hectare?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i>By R. Bourdeix, 2017.</i><br />
<br />
<span style="text-align: justify;">Taking into account:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>the germination percentage (80% is the international standard except for Aromatic Green Dwarf (60%)</li>
<li>eliminations at the seed bed stage (12 %), (abnormal, latest germination, Dwarfs when planting DwarfxTall hybrids)</li>
<li>selection in the nursery (15%)</li>
<li>the fact that about 5% of the palms need to be replaced during the first and second year after planting</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The following table gives the quantity of seednuts to prepare according to the type of varieties planted. <b><i>Selection is an essential stage and only the strict application of the rules described in these guidelines can guarantee the greatest precocity an highest profitability to the plantation. </i></b>As planting a young a coconut represents an investment in more than 30 years of exploitation, it is better to conduct severe elimination in the seddbed and nursery rather than to keep on from 10 to 20 p. 100 of backward, stunted, unproductive or barely productive trees throughout the plantation’s life.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 92%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 43.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.62%;" valign="top" width="20%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Types of<br />
coconut<br />
varieties</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.5%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Number of palms for one hectare</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.56%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Number of palms for repla-cement</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.42%;" valign="top" width="12%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ungermi-nated 20%</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.74%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Eliminated<br />
in seedbed 12%</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.9%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Eliminated in the nursery 15%</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2CC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.26%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Number<br />
of seednuts</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">needed</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 28.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.62%;" valign="top" width="20%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Tall and Tall
x Tall hybrids</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.5%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">143</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.56%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">7</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.42%;" valign="top" width="12%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">50</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.74%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">24</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.9%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">26</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.26%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">251</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.62%;" valign="top" width="20%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dwarf x Tall
hybrids</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.5%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">160</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.56%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">8</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.42%;" valign="top" width="12%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">56</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.74%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">27</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.9%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">30</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.26%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">280</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.62%;" valign="top" width="20%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dwarfs,
compacts dwarfs and D x D hybrids</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.5%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">180</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.56%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">9</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.42%;" valign="top" width="12%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">63</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.74%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">30</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.9%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">33</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.26%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">316</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 28.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.62%;" valign="top" width="20%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dwarf x Tall
hybrids - <b><i>Brazilian way</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.5%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">180</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.56%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">9</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.42%;" valign="top" width="12%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">63</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.74%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">30</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.9%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">33</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.26%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">316</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.62%;" valign="top" width="20%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dwarf
compacts dwarfs and D x D hybrids <b><i>- Brazilian way</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.5%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">222</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.56%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">11</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.42%;" valign="top" width="12%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">78</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.74%;" valign="top" width="14%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">37</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.9%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">41</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 13.26%;" valign="top" width="13%"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">390</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
Dr Roland Bourdeixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05198303763929445826noreply@blogger.com